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Chemical composition of rainwater in northeastern México. Corresponding author; E. Received September 9, ; Accepted February 15, El período de muestreo fue de enero a diciembre de Los resultados muestran que el valor de pH promedio ponderado fue de 6. Para analizar la posible asociación entre los iones en las muestras de lluvia y consecuentemente la correlación con fuentes de emisión se aplicó el programa estadístico SPSS v.
El presente trabajo representa la primera contribución de la química del agua de lluvia en el noreste de México. The present study reports the chemical composition of atmospheric wet deposition in Monterrey, capital of the state of Nuevo León and the most important industrial city in northeastern México, where air quality presents a serious problem due to dust particles emitted.
The sampling period was from January to December The station was mounted on the roof of the College of Chemical Sciences at the University of Nuevo León which is located in the north of the What is a true relationship with god Area.
The results show that the average weighted pH value of the rainwater was 6. In order to find possible association between ions in precipitation, and consequently, the possible sources of pollutants correlation study was applied using the program SPSS v. The results of this research will be used to evaluate the composition of atmospheric deposition, to evaluate air quality and to develop strategies to implement preventive measures and control of the atmospheric what is the composition of air answer in Nuevo Leon.
This work represents the first study of rainwater chemical composition in the northeast of México. Keywords: Wet deposition, acid rain, ionic species, conductivity, pH, chemical composition, precipitation chemistry. The issue of acid precipitation has received much attention in the international community for the last several what is the composition of air answer because of its notable direct adverse effects on ecosystems and indirect effects on human health Hu et al.
Recently innumerable efforts have been made to understand the physical and chemical processes responsible for the formation of acid species and their removal from the atmosphere. The chemistry of the rainwater has been subjected to numerous investigations during the last two decades due to the increase of environmental problems caused by acid rain. The composition of rainwater is important in understanding the role of transport of the soluble components of the atmosphere and the contribution of different sources of atmospheric pollutants.
The chemical composition of rainwater varies from site to site and from region to region, due to the influence of local sources. The processes controlling the composition of rain are complex and influenced by both natural and anthropogenic sources. If the source is influenced by increasing made man activities, the rainwater will become acid because the anthropogenic activities contribute acidic gases like SO 2 and NO x and basic gases like NH 3 Kulshrestha et al. Acidity is mainly due to sulfur and nitrogen oxides emissions from fossil fuel combustion, which after being dispersed and being transported react chemically in the atmosphere before becoming wet or dry deposited as sulfuric and nitric acid or neutralized ammonium salts Possanzini et al.
Several studies have reported potential ecological deterioration caused by acid rain, such as deterioration of forests, acidification of lakes and grounds, decay of marble, and degradation of buildings and ancient monuments Samara et al. The phenomenon known as acid rain, along with its effects on the deterioration of buildings and monuments, have reached the level of public awareness. Special attention has been drawn to deterioration of buildings and ancient monuments Dikaiakos et al.
Considering the importance of acid rain and the relation that exists with the population growth of large cities, the aim of this paper is to gain what makes a healthy romantic relationship initial understanding of rainwater chemistry, including its composition and possible sources, at an urban locality in northeast México, where these kind of data have not previously been available.
Its average altitude is m above sea level, and has an area of Humidity in winter can be high, although snowfall is a very rare event. Industrial activities and vehicular emissions are common potential pollution sources. Rainwater samples were collected continuously by event from January to December The sampler was located on the roof of the Ciencias Químicas Building Following rainfall events, the bucket was tightly sealed with a clean plastic lid to avoid contamination during transport to the laboratory ASTM, Each sample was later filtered through 0.
After collection and weighing, an unfiltered aliquot of each sample was used for pH and conductivity determination. The pH meter was calibrated before every measurement using standard buffer solutions of pH 4. A second aliquot of each sample, retrieved from the refrigerated polyethylene bottle, was used for the determination of major ion concentrations. In order to check the instrumental errors a quality standard solution of the anions and cations, as well as blank samples, were prepared with different concentrations and given random numbers among real samples.
The quality assurance procedures included the routine running of blanks and control samples as well as replicate samples. The column and the other operating conditions employed for analysis of both the ions are reported by Bravo et al. A total of 32 rainwater samples were collected. The largest number of monthly events occurred in August 7 followed by May 6June 5 and July 5 ; no rain events were observed on January, November and December.
Monthly rainfall during the study period is presented in Fig. The highest rainfall was during August The pH of individual precipitation what is the composition of air answer ranged from 5. The pH of natural precipitation is controlled by dissolved CO 2, due the interaction between water droplets and carbon dioxide. Precipitation pH is modified by the addition of both acidic and alkaline components Topçu et al.
The highest precipitation acidity 5. The frequency distribution of pH is shown in Fig. Instead, the abundance of pH values above 5. Alkaline precipitation has been reported in different parts of the world. In India, will casualty be on tonight studies have recorded pH values what is the composition of air answer from 6. Chandra Mouli et al. Another study, in the urban area of Ankara, Turkey, reported alkaline pH values due to high calcium CaCO 3 loading from alkaline soil Topçu et al.
Thus, the VWM pH of 6. The variation of monthly mean concentration of major what is the composition of air answer ions in rain are there fake accounts on facebook is illustrated in Table I. The variation what is the composition of air answer monthly mean concentration of major ions in rain water is illustrated in Fig 5. The rock is composed basically of calcium carbonate. Aggregation operations are installed around those hills and represent a significant source of airborne particulate matter.
The high concentration of cations observed in March may be due to the small volume of rainfall. Recall, from Fig. Only one rain event was present in this month. The smaller amount of rainwater is expected to produce higher concentrations of chemical species in rainwater due to reduced removal of suspended particles by wet deposition Chandra et al. On the other hand, the increased anion concentrations during What is the composition of air answer may be due to the prevailing meteorological conditions in Monterrey that do not allow complete dispersion of NO 2 and SO 2 INEGI, The what is a psychological claim of the present study 6.
This may be what is the composition of air answer to the latter region having a high load of suspended alkaline atmospheric particles. The relative high concentration of this ion suggests the effect of local anthropogenic emissions. The Monterrey Metropolitan Area is a major industrial city which has a serious atmospheric pollution problem due principally to the surrounding mountains, quarry hills and factories.
These are composed basically of calcium carbonate and the excess calcium is believed to be due to particles originating from what is the composition of air answer sources INEGI, India soils have also been considered to be a major contributor of particulate matter in the atmosphere and to alkalinity in the rainwater Chandra et al. In order to find association between ions in precipitation, and consequently, the possible sources of pollutants and the gaseous reaction occurring in the atmosphere, the correlation between ions was calculated for all samples and presented in Table III.
Topçu et al. As can be seen in Table IIIall urdu quotes about life and love in english species except sulfate correlate negatively with rainfall amount Pindicating an atmospheric washout process. This represents the first contribution to the literature of rainwater chemistry in the region.
The study reveals the following principal conclusions:. The average pH of the rainwater was 6. This shows strong inputs of alkaline species to rainwater samples in this region. The average pH of samples higher than 5. This may be due to a high load of alkaline what is the composition of air answer particle by numerous quarry hills and factories. These are composed basically of calcium carbonate.
The monthly variation in ionic deposition is influenced by rainfall rate and ionic species concentration. The correlation study and the comparison of major ion composition with other sites revealed that rainwater ion composition is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources rather than terrestrial and marine sources. The authors thank Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León for financial support of this work. ASTM, a. Standard guide for choosing locations and sampling methods to monitor atmospheric deposition at non urban locations.
American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard guide of materials used for preparation of materials used for the collection and preservation of atmospheric wet deposition. Sosa Echeverría, P. Soto Ayala and A. Alarcón Jiménez, In: Contaminación e impacto ambiental: diagnóstico y tendencias A. Botello, J. Soto, R. Sosa, P. Alarcón and J. Kahl, Effect of acid rain on building material of the El Tajín archeological zone in Veracruz, México.
Venkata Mohan, S. Jayarama Reddy,
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