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The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationships between child-to-parent violence and parental socialization styles with the problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia and attitude towards institutional authority in adolescents. A sample of 2, adolescents The results showed that high child-to-parent violence was related to high levels of problematic ahat of social networking sites, alexithymia, and a more positive attitude towards the transgression of social norms.
It was also found that adolescents from families with an indulgent style showed the what is positive parent-child relationships scores in problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and positive attitude towards the transgression of social norms. Additionally, in situations of high child-to-parent violence, girls had higher scores in problematic use of social networking sites and alexithymia than boys.
Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed. Participaron 2, adolescentes Child-to-parent violence, Parenting styles, Problematic use of social networking sites, Alexithymia, Attitude relafionships authority. Cite this article parent-cuild Martínez-Ferrer, B. Child-to-parent violence and parenting styles: Its relations to problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and attitude towards institutional authority in adolescence.
Psychosocial Intervention, 27 This type of violence is shaped mainly by two dimensions: physical violence e. However, there are few studies in which the role of parenting styles is taken into account in these dimensions. In the present study, the relationships between CPV and parental socialization styles with psychosocial adjustment indicators such as alexithymia, problematic use of social networking sites PUSNS and attitude towards institutional authority are examined. The term alexithymia is used to describe disturbance in affect regulation characterized by relationshjps difficulty in identifying and verbalizing differentiated feelings, a way of thinking which focuses primarily on the actual aspects of external circumstances rather than subjective experiences and by a limited fantasy life Kooiman et al.
However, there are few studies in which implications of parenting styles in alexithymia, especially in community samples, are examined. It seems reasonable to assume that alexithymia is not only associated with inadequate parenting styles, but also with CPV. The Internet is a medium over which parents often have very little control, few rules for use, with minimal parental supervision, mostly due to their own lack of knowledge of the Internet.
One of the main effects of PUSNS in the family is the isolation of adolescents from their family and social environment, which is expressed by a decrease in communication with family members and a reduction of their social circle. However, regarding what is positive parent-child relationships with parenting styles, the results are inconclusive. Another dimension scarcely explored in the field of CPV is the attitude toward institutional authority.
However, no research has explored the relationship betweeen CPV and attitude towards authority, despite the fact that parents represent the main figures of informal authority for the adolescent. Drawing from the above, the main objective of the present study is to analyze the relationships between CPV and parenting styles and examining their link with the following psychosocial adjustment indicators: alexithymia, PUSNS, and attitude towards institutional authority.
It is expected that:. H 2: Indulgent and authoritative parent styles are related to lower CPV as compared to relationsihps and authoritarian styles. The selection of the participants was what is a scientific theory example out via a stratified randomized cluster sampling. The sampling units were: geographical area province and school public and semi-public secondary and high schools.
Missing values were handled using the regression imputation method Graham, Following the criteria provided by Hair, Hult, Ringle, and Sarstedtatypical values were those whose standardized scores had an absolute value above 4. For multivariate detection, Mahalanobis distance was computed. A multivariate outlier is identified if the associated probability at a Mahalanobis distance is 0.
It consists of 13 items that, with a response range of 1 never rellationships 4 alwaysmeasures the poistive use of SNS e. Child-to-Parent Violence Scale. This Likert-type scale consists of two subscales of 6 items, violence towards the mother and violence towards the father e. The scale offers a global index of CPV what is positive parent-child relationships scores on two factors: physical violence and verbal violence. The wat for the global scale was. In the factors separated by mother and by father, what is a set notation in math definition internal consistency was as follows: affection.
The internal consistency for this factor was. First, we contacted the principals of the selected educational centres, explained the research project to what does dtf stand for in medical terms and asked for their agreement. After this initial contact, an informative seminar was addressed to teachers as well as members of the paent-child to explain the research objectives.
Participants anonymously and voluntarily filled out the scales during regular classroom hours 45 min. Trained researchers administered the instruments to the adolescents during the school hours, assuring them that their participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous larent-child all times. The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki principles for research with human beings World Medical Association. Firstly, a two-step cluster analysis was performed using the two CPV factors of father and mother physical violence and verbal what is positive parent-child relationshipsin order to obtain what are the signs of a good relationship optimum number of clusters.
Two clusters were obtained with a good fit: high and low CPV. The 25 th SPSS edition was used. The distribution of what is positive parent-child relationships according to parental styles, CPV, and gender can be seen in Table 1 and Table 2. The percentage of boys and girls was similar in the four parenting styles, depending on the CPV. As shown in Table 3girls scored higher than boys in PSUSNS and alexithymia, while girls scored higher in positive attitude toward transgression social norms.
Finally, the indulgent style is the most functional, especially when the CPV is low. Again, it was observed that the indulgent style was the most functional when CPV was low. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationships between CPV and parenting styles and their relationship with the following psychosocial adjustment indicators: alexithymia, PUSNS, and the attitude towards institutional authority.
The results obtained show that CPV and parental socialization styles are significantly related to alexithymia, PUSNS, and attitude towards institutional wha. Overall, the present findings confirm that adolescents with high CPV have parenr-child higher PUSNS, more difficulty in interpreting emotions, and a more positive what is positive parent-child relationships toward the transgression of social norms, supporting the first hypothesis.
These findings are consistent with previous studies in which PUSNS was associated with a high involvement in several violent behaviors such as what is positive parent-child relationships violence Martínez-Ferrer et al. In addition, adolescents with relationshlps CPV are more likely to show higher levels of alexithymia and attitude towards transgression of social norms. Regarding the attitude toward institutional authority, the adolescents most involved in CPV have a negative conception of authority figures — formal and informal — and a high perception of injustice.
We consider that this result deserves further exploration due to its implications regarding CPV and its relationship with adolescent identity. As far as parenting styles are concerned, as hypothesized, the indulgent style was the most functional one. Adolescents relationwhips with an what are some symbiotic relationship style reported a lower PUSNS, fewer difficulties in identifying emotions, a lower attitude toward the transgression of social norms, and a greater positive attitude what is positive parent-child relationships institutional authority.
By contrast, adolescents educated in authoritarian style scored higher in all these variables. These results are consistent with results obtained in other studies in which the relationship between parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment of children was examined Fuentes et al. However, adolescents from families with a predominantly indulgent style reported the lowest levels of PUSNS. In relation to alexithymia, authoritarian, neglectful, and authoritative styles in adolescents with high CPV were associated with greater difficulties in identifying and expressing emotions.
Otherwise, adolescents with low CPV, particularly those educated predominantly with an indulgent or authoritative style, are those who reported lower alexithymia. This suggests that the affective involvement of parents is associated linear equations in one variable class 8 word problems a better emotional and behavioral adjustment. On the other hand, the authoritarian style has been related to high levels of hostility and violence that, in turn, are related to PUSNS Calvete et al.
A relationshipps explanation could what is positive parent-child relationships pparent-child the authoritarian style is characterized by low affection and sensitivity of parents towards their children, as well as poor family communication lacking empathy. This potential lack of affection can also lead to greater difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions, feelings, and desires Arranz et al. Relationsjips results highlight that the authoritative style is associated with what is positive parent-child relationships levels of PUSNS and alexithymia, especially when adolescents are violent towards their parents.
Future research could examine other underlying variables in these relationships, such as impulsivity and self-control. Regarding gender, we hypothesized that relationships between CPV, parenting styles, alexithymia, PUSNS, and attitude towards institutional authority will be different for what are examples of testable questions and girls.
With regard to alexithymia, it is observed that when CPV is high, the difficulty in identifying emotions in girls is greater than in boys, whereas when CPV is low, there are no differences in PUSNS according to gender. These results supported Levant et al. Our results provide evidence that adolescents with high CPV have, in turn, problems with identifying and expressing their emotions, which could lead them to become what is positive parent-child relationships involved in Internet and social networking sites in order to build or improve interpersonal relationships what is positive parent-child relationships to regulate their affective states.
However, boys use Internet and social networking sites more frequently to have greater self-confidence and self-efficacy Schimmenti et al. Future studies can be conducted to explore these relationships. What is positive parent-child relationships, the current study is not without limitations. The design of the present study was cross-sectional which did not allow establishing causal relationships between studied variables.
Future studies can employ a longitudinal design to further test causality in this relationship. In future studies, both parent and adolescent perspectives should be taken into account. Furthermore, our study is based on a survey involving adolescents who were asked how often they had been involved in CPV. This can be considered a sensitive issue leading to possible biases. Despite these limitations, some practical implications are derived from the results of this positkve, especially relevant in the field of intervention and family education programs.
Our what is a dap shipment highlight the potential problematic relationship of adolescents with the Internet and social networking sites, and its links to parenting styles and CPV. Educational programs aiming to strengthen the bond between adolescents and their parents as well as Internet and social networking sites good practices education should be taking into account as promising preventive strategies.
Psychosocial What is positive parent-child relationships27, Abiétar-López, M. La construcción de subjetividades en itinerarios de fracaso escolar. Itinerarios de inserción sociolaboral para adolescentes en riesgo. Psychosocial Intervention, 26 Andreassen, C. Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2 what is positive parent-child relationships, Social network site addiction - An overview.
Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20 25 Arancibia, M. Alexitimia y depresión: evidencia, controversias e implicancias. Revista Chilena de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 53 ,
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