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Avenida del Consulado, calle 30 No. Cartagena, Colombia. Received: September 05, ; Accepted: January 24, What are components of blood plasma future of nutrition in Colombia, and perhaps in other developing countries, will depend in large part on the ability of food technology to take full advantage of the food sources available in the country and to adapt and develop new products that will vary and complement the diets of the majority of the population at a low cost.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein quality of rice-based drinks fortified with bovine and porcine blood plasma. Six treatments were prepared with different levels of what are components of blood plasma The effects of the plasma type and the addition levels on the protein content, the amino acid profile, and the in vitro digestibility of the drinks were observed. The protein digestibility was determined by subjecting a dispersion of the drink to the action of a multi-enzymatic solution.
The protein content increased with the level of fortification. Is loving someone too much dangerous digestibility of the fortified drinks did not demonstrate significant improvements in comparison with the unfortified drink. The chemical score of the difference between acid and base class 7th in points fortified with porcine plasma Key words: Protein content, in vitro digestibility, amino acid profile, food design.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad proteica de bebidas a base de arroz fortificadas con plasma sanguíneo de bovino y porcino. El contenido proteico aumentó al incrementar el nivel de fortificación. La digestibilidad de las bebidas fortificadas no mostró una mejora significativa al compararla what are components of blood plasma la digestibilidad de la bebida sin fortificar.
El computo químico para la bebida fortificada con plasma de porcino The serious problems of malnutrition and animal protein deficiency that exist in various countries of the world have presented a challenge for national and international organizations FAO, In Colombia, as in other countries, protein deficiency, hunger and malnutrition are not the result of low food availability but of the high levels of poverty, what are components of blood plasma inability to buy animal protein and poorly balanced diets that are largely dependent on cereals that, in many cases, form the nutrition base Barboza et al.
An alternative for improving the nutritional state is the use of mass-consumption cereals, such as rice, that form part of the daily diet of the population in the production of food fortified with protein. Fonseca and Villamarín reported that the fortification of new mass-consumption foods with an emphasis on what are the three theories of aging represents a line of action that is vital to the core of the national strategy for nutritional and food security in Colombia.
Bovine plasma and porcine plasma contribute approximately 7. All of the blood proteins are found in the plasma except hemoglobin, which for the most part is found in cellular fractions What are components of blood plasma et al. Blood plasma contains all the essential amino acids for human nutrition as observed in Table 1is rich in lysine but deficient in isoleucine and methionine, and so, should be administered in conjunction with other proteins that supplement this deficiency Bracho et al.
What is a claim in psychology recuperation and utilization of these proteins is very important if the high levels of global protein deficiency and the quantity of bovine and porcine that is butchered annually are taken into account. Similarly, blood protein with microbiological quality, obtained through the application of suitable procurement methods, thermal treatments, and posterior microbiological analysis of the plasma Julio et al.
Protein quality refers to the ability to provide the nitrogen and essential amino acid requirements of a body Fennema, what are components of blood plasma According to Suarez et al. An equalized protein, or one of high quality, contains essential amino acids in the approximate proportions established by the patterns of the FAO Fennema, Essential amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by an organism, which implies that the only source for these amino acids is through their direct ingestion by diet.
Those amino acids that are highly deficient with respect to the necessities are called "limiting" Fennema, Cereal proteins are poor in lysine and occasionally lack tryptophan and threonine Romo et al. On the other hand, blood plasma is generally deficient in methioline, leucine and isoleucine and possesses considerable contents of lysine and threonine Bracho et al. Currently, for the evaluation love is toxic quotes protein quality, it is more reliable to calculate the corrected chemical score using multiplication with the digestibility of the protein, known as Why use a data flow diagram Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Store.
As a what are components of blood plasma, there is a drive to take advantage of low-cost, protein-rich meat byproducts in the production of high-protein-content products using cereals, such as rice, that form part of the daily diet of many populations, especially in countries such as Colombia. This strategy has resulted in the alternative of fortifying rice based drinks with bovine or porcine plasma and new foods what are components of blood plasma contain significant, quality protein contents.
The future of food in Colombia, and perhaps in other developing countries, will largely depend on the ability of food technology to take advantage of the available foods and develop new products that diversify and compliment the diet of the majority of the population at low costs. Thus, the challenge is to direct techniques toward the improvement and increase of the nutritive value of foods destined for human consumption.
For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the protein quality of a rice drink fortified with bovine and porcine plasma. Obtaining samples. The plasma was extracted following the methodology of Marquez et al. Experimental design. A 2x3 factorial design was developed with three replications in a random complete experimental design. Each sample was analyzed in duplicate. The response variables were: protein content, amino acid profile and protein digestibility of the product.
The study factors corresponded to: type of added plasma at two levels: bovine plasma and porcine plasma ; and the levels of fortification at three levels: The refreshing rice drink was produced according to the method of Montero and Muñiz The treatments were:. Control: Rice drink without blood plasma. The treatment means were compared using the LSD test.
Determination of essential amino acids. The fluorescence was detected with a wavelength of nm and an emission length of nm. The FAO reference model, which is based on the needs for indispensable amino acids of preschoolers years what are components of blood plasma now considered the preferred reference protein, in place of the previously-used egg protein Ayala et al.
Chemical score. Protein determination and quality index. To obtain the protein content, the AOAC The quality index was determined by the ratio between the age-determined what are components of blood plasma requirement and the requirement of the most limiting amino acid of the studied protein Ayala et al. In vitro digestibility. An in vitro method was applied in accordance with the protocol of Montero et al.
Sensory analysis. To evaluate the acceptability, a panel of untrained tasters was used, composed of 50 preschoolers of both sexes, years-old, who were selected at random at a kindergarten in Cartagena. Microbiological analysis. The results indicate that the protein content varied according to the type of plasma and the level of fortification Table 2. The protein content increased in proportion to the increase in the fortification level.
However, an interaction was observed between the factors, indicating that the increase in the protein content of what are components of blood plasma drink with the increase in fortification level depended on the type of plasma. The These results explain the observed interaction, indicating that not only the type of plasma but also the level of fortification were significant in explaining the protein content of the refreshing rice drink.
The increase in the protein content of the rice drink with plasma fortification coincides with the results reported by Barboza et al. Similarly, Benítez et al. Finally, there were no significant differences in the protein content of the porcine plasma treatments at Table 3 presents the protein contribution expressed in grams of a daily serving mL of the rice-based drink. These results coincide with those reported by Bracho et al. It was observed that the refreshing drinks fortified with bovine and porcine plasma fulfilled the sulfated amino acid and lysine requirements as suggested by the FAOalthough a small unbalance was seen in the isoleucine and leucine amino acids.
Although no significant differences were found for the leucine and isoleucine contents of the drinks fortified with bovine and porcine plasma Table 4the chemical score what are components of blood plasma the amino acids had a value of 94 and 89 Table 5 for the rice drink fortified with bovine plasma and porcine plasma, respectively. The fortification of the refreshing rice drink with the plasma of different species complements the rice proteins and results in a product with a better balance of amino acids than the original premium materials.
These results coincide with those reported by Barboza et al. Two or more incomplete proteins, such as the proteins of rice and of the blood what are components of blood plasma of different animal species, were combined in a manner that the deficiency of one or more amino acids of one was compensated for by the other. When complementary proteins are combined, they supply all the necessary essential amino acids for the human body, delivering a pattern of equilibrium of amino acids that is used efficiently Williams, The nutritional value of a protein for a population of a determined age can be defined as the degree at which the ingestion is at a sufficient quantity to satisfy the nitrogen requirements of an individual and, at the same time, the requirements for each of the essential amino acids for the synthesis of tisular proteins, a concept represented by the protein quality index Ayala et al.
In this study, the protein quality index was evaluated taking into account the requirements for amino acids according to the FAO for preschool-aged children 2. This means that preschoolers must consume 1. On the other hand, if it is assumed that the protein requirement for preschoolers is 1. On the other hand, in analyzing the drink fortified with porcine plasma, the values indicated that a preschooler must consume 1.
The results obtained for the studied drinks showed that the highest digestibility value was seen in the drink fortified with bovine plasma In the calculation of the chemical score of the corrected amino acids for the digestibility PDCAAS of the protein of the fortified drinks, the lowest ratio corresponded to leucine 0. The microbiological results showed that the microorganism counts for the fortified drinks were under the maximums permitted by the Codex Alimentarius Table 9guaranteeing the harmlessness of the product, probably achieved with the adjustment of pH and thermal treatment.
Furthermore, the results coincide with those obtained by Benítez et al. The type of added plasma and the levels of fortification significantly affected the protein contents of the refreshing rice drinks; however, the amino acid profile and the digestibility were only affected by the plasma type. The rice drink fortified with bovine or porcine plasma did not significantly improve in digestibility, but a better amino acid balance was achieved when compared with the unfortified drink, as demonstrated in the protein quality index values, where the drink fortified with bovine plasma presented a value superior to that of the drink fortified with porcine plasma.
Likewise, the drink fortified with bovine plasma presented a superior value in regards to the capacity to supply indispensable amino acids at a quantity that is sufficient for covering the requirements of what are components of blood plasma PDCAAS ; therefore, the drink fortified with bovine plasma had a better nutritional quality and can de recommended as a supplement for providing essential amino acids to what are components of blood plasma children.
The authors thank the slaughter house of Arjona Bolívar for its logistical support and for giving access to blood samples, the authorities of the Universidad de Cartagena and especially the Facultad de Medicina y de Química y Farmacia for facilitating access to equipment for carrying out the present study. Fifth edition. Washington, D. Ayala, G. Ortega y C. Valor nutritivo de la quinua. Cultivos andinos sub explotados y su aporte a la alimentación.
Capitulo VIII. Santiago de Chile. Barboza, Y.
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