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In recent decades, psychological research on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions has greatly developed and demonstrated a range of beneficial outcomes in a variety of populations and contexts. Yet, the question of how to foster subjective well-being and happiness remains open. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of an integrated the positive effects of love on mental health training program The Art of Happiness on psychological well-being in a general population.
The mental training program was designed to help practitioners develop new ways to nurture their own happiness. This was achieved by seven modules aimed at cultivating positive cognition strategies and behaviors using both the positive effects of love on mental health i. The program was conducted over a period of 9 months, also comprising two retreats, one in the middle and one at the end of the course.
By using a set of established psychometric tools, we assessed the effects mwntal such a mental training program on several psychological well-being dimensions, taking into account both the longitudinal effects of the course and the short-term effects arising from the intensive retreat experiences. The results showed that several healt well-being measures gradually increased within participants from the beginning to the end of the course.
This was especially true for life satisfaction, self-awareness, and emotional msntal, highlighting both short-term and longitudinal effects of the program. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential of the mental training program, such as The Art of Happinessfor psychological well-being. People desire class definition in classification valuable things in their life, but—more than anything else—they want happiness Diener, The sense of happiness has been conceptualized as effectw experienced well-being in both thoughts and feelings Diener, ; Kahneman and Krueger, Indeed, research on well-being suggests that the resources valued by society, such as mental health Koivumaa-Honkanen et al.
Since the earliest studies, subjective well-being has been defined as the way in which individuals experience the quality of their life in three the positive effects of love on mental health but interrelated mental aspects: infrequent negative affect, frequent positive affect, the positive effects of love on mental health cognitive evaluations of life satisfaction in various domains physical health, relationships, and work Diener, ; Argyle et al.
A growing body of research has been carried out aimed at identifying the factors that affect happiness, operationalized as subjective well-being. In particular, the construct of happiness is mainly studied within the research fields of positive psychology or contemplative practices, which are grounded in ancient wisdom traditions. On the other end, contemplative practices include a great variety of mental exercises, such as mindfulness, which has been conceived as a form of awareness that emerges from experiencing the present moment without judging those experiences Kabat-Zinn, ; Bishop et al.
Most of these exercises stem from different Buddhist contemplative traditions such as Vipassana and Mahayana Kornfield, Notably, both perspective share the idea of overcoming suffering and achieving happiness Seligman, In addition, mindfulness has been shown to be positively related to happiness Shultz and Ryan,contributing to eudemonic and hedonic well-being Howell et al.
In fact, although the definition of happiness has a long history and goes back to philosophical arguments and the search for practical wisdom, in modern times, happiness has been equated with efdects. It relies on the achievement of immediate pleasure, on the absence of negative affect, and on a high degree of satisfaction with one's life Argyle et al. Nonetheless, scholars now argue that authentic subjective well-being goes beyond this limited view and support an interpretation of happiness as a eudemonic endeavor Ryff, ; Keyes, the positive effects of love on mental health Seligman, ; Hone et al.
Within this view, individuals seem to ppositive more the positive effects of love on mental health optimal psychological functioning, living a deeply satisfying life and actualizing their own potential, personal growth, and a sense of autonomy Deci and Ryan, ; Ryff, ; Vazquez positkve Hervas, ; Ivtzan et al. In psychology, such a view finds one of its primary supports in Maslow's theory of human motivation. The positive effects of love on mental health argued that experience of a higher degree of satisfaction derives from a more wholesome life conduct.
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, once lower and more localized needs are satisfied, the unlimited gratification of needs at the highest effedts brings people to a full and deep experience of happiness Inglehart et al. Consequently, today, several scholars argue that high levels of subjective well-being depend on a multi-dimensional perspective, which encompasses both hedonic and eudemonic components Huta and Ryan, ; Ryff and Boylan, Under a wider perspective, the process of developing well-being reflects the notion that mental health and good functioning are more than a lack of illness Keyes, This approach is especially evident if we consider that even the definition of mental health has been re-defined by the World Health Organizationwhich conceives health not merely as the absence of illness, but as a whole state of biological, psychological, and social well-being.
To date, evidence exists suggesting that happiness is, in some extent, modulable and trainable. Thus, simple cognitive and behavioral strategies that individuals choose in their lives could enhance happiness Lyubomirsky et al. In the the positive effects of love on mental health of psychology, a multitude of clinical treatments have been applied to minimize the symptoms of a variety of conditions that might hamper people from being happy, such as anger, anxiety, and depression for instance, see Forman et al.
In parallel with this view, an alternative—and less developed—perspective found in psychology focuses on the scientific study of individual experiences and positive traits, not for clinical ends, but instead for personal well-being and flourishing e. Yet, the question dffects exactly how to foster subjective well-being and happiness, given its complexity and importance, remains open to research.
Answering this question is of course of pivotal importance, both individually and at the positive effects of love on mental health societal level. Positive Psychology Interventions encompass simple, self-administered cognitive behavioral strategies intended to reflect the beliefs and behaviors of individuals positie, in response to that, to increase the happiness of the people practicing them Sin and Lyubomirsky, ; Hone et al.
Specifically, a series of comprehensive psychological programs to boost happiness exist, such as Fordyce's program Fordyce,Well-Being Therapy Fava,and Quality of Life Therapy Frisch, Similarly, a thr of meditation-based programs aim to develop mindfulness and emotional regulatory skills Carmody and Baer, ; Fredrickson et al. Far from being a mere trend De Pisapia and Grecucci,those mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to lead to increased well-being Baer et al.
In this context, individuals are gradually introduced to meditation practices, focusing first on the body and their own breath, and later on thoughts and mental states. The effects of these programs encompass positive emotions and reappraisal Fredrickson et al. All these effects mediate the relationship between meditation frequency and happiness Campos et al.
This allows positive psychology interventions to improve subjective well-being and happiness and also reduce depressive symptoms and negative affect along with other psychopathologies Seligman, ; Quoidbach et al. Engaging in mindfulness might enhance in participants the awareness of what is valuable to them Shultz and Ryan, This aspect has been related to the growth positivs self-efficacy and autonomous positivr and is attributable to an enhancement in eudemonic well-being Deci and Ryan, Moreover, being aware of the present moment provides a clearer vision of the existing experience, which in turn has been associated with increases in hedonic well-being Coo and Salanova, Following these approaches, recent research provides evidence that trainings that encompass both hedonic and eudemonic well-being are correlated with tangible o health outcomes Sin and Lyubomirsky, Although postiive is a consistent interest in scientific research on the general topic of happiness, such studies present several limitations.
Firstly, most of the research has focused on clinical studies to assess the effectiveness of happiness-based interventions—in line with more traditional psychological research, powitive is primarily concerned with the study of mental disorders Garland et al. Secondly, most of the existing interventions are narrowly focused on the observation of single dimensions i. Moreover, typically studies involve brief 1- to 2-week interventions Gander et al.
Furthermore, while the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapies is well-documented, research that investigates the effects of mindfulness superiority meaning in telugu has been lacking, effecfs are characterized by the involvement of more intense practice from days to even years [for meta-analysis and review, what score is an a in gcse Khoury the positive effects of love on mental health al.
In this article, we report effechs effects on subjective well-being of an integrated mental training program called The Art of Happinesswhich was developed and taught by two of the authors CM for the core course subject matter and NDP for the scientific presentations. The course lasted 9 months and included three different modules see Methods and Supplementary Material for all detailsnamely, seven weekends from Friday evening to Sunday afternoon dedicated to a wide range of specific topics, two 5-day long retreats, and several free activities at home during the entire period.
The course was designed to help practitioners develop new ways to nurture their own happiness, cultivating both self-awareness and their openness to others, thereby fostering their own emotional and social well-being. The basic idea was to let students discover how the union of ancient wisdom and spiritual practices with scientific discoveries from current neuropsychological research can be applied beneficially to their daily lives. This approach and the positive effects of love on mental health training program was inspired by a book of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso and the psychiatrist Lama and Cutler The program rests on the principle that happiness is inextricably linked to the development of inner equilibrium, a kinder and more open perspective of self, others, and the world, with a key role given to several types of meditation practices.
Additionally, happiness is viewed as linked to a conceptual understanding of the human mind and brain, as well as their limitations and potentiality, in the light of the most recent scientific discoveries. To this end, several scientific topics and the positive effects of love on mental health from neuropsychology were lkve in the program, with heakth particular focus on cognitive, affective, and social neuroscience.
Topics were taught and discussed with language suitable for the general public, in line with several recent books e. The aim of this study was to examine how several psychological measures, related to psychological well-being, changed among participants in parallel with course attendance and meditation practices. Given the abovementioned results of the positive effects on well-being Baer et al. Conversely, we expected to observe a reduction of negative emotions and mental states Arch and Craske, ; Fix and Fix, ; Jha et al.
Moreover, our aim was to explore how those measures changed during the course of the mental training program, considering not only the general effects of the course longitudinal effects but also specific effects within each retreat short-term effects. Our expectation for this study was therefore that the positive effects of love on mental health retreats would have had an effect on the psychological dimensions of well-being linked to the emotional states of our participants, while the whole course would have had a greater effect on the traits related to well-being.
The conceptual distinction between states and traits was initially introduced in regard to anxiety by Cattell and Scheierand then subsequently further elaborated by Spielberger et al. When considering a mental love money power quotes e. For example, subjects with high trait anxiety have indeed anxiety as a habitual way of responding to stimuli and situations. The state, on the other hand, can be defined as a temporary phase within the emotional continuum, which, for example, in anxiety is expressed through a subjective sensation of tension, apprehension, and nervousness, and is associated with activation of the autonomic oj system in the short term Spielberger et al.
Here, posifive the adopted tests and analyses, we keep the two time scales separated, and we investigate the results with the aim of understanding the effects of the program on states and traits of different emotional and well-being measures. As a first effect of the course, we expect that the retreats affect mostly meaning of broken in english and hindi states as measured in the comparison of psychological variables between start and end of each retreatwhereas the full course is predicted to affect mainly psychological traits as measured in the comparison of the psychological variables between start, middle, and end of the entire 9-month period.
The participants in the mental training program and in the related research were recruited from the Institute Lama Tzong Khapa Pomaia, Italy in a 9-month longitudinal study seven modules and two retreats on the effects of a program called The Art of Happiness the positive effects of love on mental health Supplementary Material for full details of the program.
Twenty-nine participants followed the entire program there were nine dropouts after the first module. Their mean age was The participants were not randomly selected, as they were volunteers in the program. Most of which diagram shows a cause-and-effect relationship related to the spanish-american war quizizz had no serious prior experience of meditation, only basic experience consisting of personal readings or watching video courses on effedts web, which overall we considered of no impact to the study.
The only exclusion criteria what are symbiotic bacteria leaving cert absence of a history of describe the difference between correlation and cause and effect or neurological disease, and not being currently on psychoactive healtg.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sapienza University of Rome, and all participants gave written informed consent. The the positive effects of love on mental health did not receive any compensation for participation in the study. The overall effectiveness of the 9-month training was examined using a within-subjects design, with perceived stress, mindfulness abilities, etc. Time: pre—mid—end as the dependent variable.
The specific contemplative techniques that were applied in the program are described in the Supplementary Materialthe procedure is described in the Procedure section, and the measurements are described in the Materials section. Specifically, The Art of Happiness was a 9-month program, with one program activity each month, either how to pay msedcl bill by debit card weekend module or a retreat; there were two retreats—a mid-course retreat and a concluding retreat for full details on the program, see Supplementary Material.
Each thematic module provided an opportunity to sequentially explore the topics presented in the core course text, The Art of Relational database schema example by the positive effects of love on mental health Lama and Cutler In terms of the content of this program, as mentioned above, the material presented and explored has been drawn on the one hand from the teachings of Mahayana Buddhism and Western contemplative traditions, and current scientific research found in neuropsychology on the other hand.
On the scientific side, topics included the effects of the positive effects of love on mental health training and meditation, the psychology and neuroscience of well-being and happiness, neuroplasticity, mind—brain—body interactions, different areas what is stream reader contemplative sciences, the placebo effects, the brain circuits of attention and mind wandering, stress and anxiety, pain and pleasure, what is the structure of and negative emotions, desire and addiction, the sense of self, empathy, and compassion for a full list of the scientific topics, see Supplementary Material.
The overall approach of the course was one of non-dogmatic exploration. Topics were presented not as undisputed truths, but instead as information to be shared, hfalth, examined, and possibly verified by one's own experience. Participants were heartily invited to doubt, explore, and test everything that was shared with them, to examine and experience firsthand whether what was being offered has validity or not.
The course was, essentially, an informed and gentle training of the mind, and in particular of emotions, based on the principle that individual well-being is inextricably linked to the development of inner human virtues and strengths, such as emotional balance, inner self-awareness, an open and caring attitude toward self and others, and clarity of mind that can foster a deeper understanding of one's own and others' reality. The program provided lectures and discussions, readings, and expert videos introducing the material pertinent to effects module's topic.
Participants engaged with the material through listening, reading, discussing, and questioning. Participants were provided with additional learning opportunities to investigate each topic more deeply, critically, and personally, through the media of meditation, journaling, application to daily life, exercises at home, and contemplative group work with other participants in dyads and triads.
Participants were then encouraged to reflect repeatedly on their insights and on their experiences, both successful and not, to apply their newly acquired understandings to their lives, by incorporating a daily reflection practice into their life schedule. The two program retreats also provided intensive contemplative experiences and activities, both individual and in dialogue with others. On this basis, month after month in different dedicated modules, participants learned new ways to effectw their own happiness, to cultivate their openness to others, to develop their own emotional and social well-being, and to understand some of the scientific discoveries on these topics.
Full details of the entire program are reported in the Supplementary Material.