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Miller, A. Announcing the Stacks Editor Beta release! Evolutionary Community Ecology Princeton University, Intrigued by the microbes she found in the dirt, she isolated a group that significamce to be hemimastigotes.

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Although the role played by phylogeny in the assembly of plant communities remains as a priority to complete the theory of species coexistence, experimental evidence is lacking. It is still unclear to what extent phylogenetic diversity is a driver or a consequence of species assembly processes. We experimentally explored how phylogenetic diversity can drive the community level responses to drought conditions in annual plant communities.

We manipulated the initial phylogenetic diversity of the assemblages and the water availability in a common garden experiment with two irrigation treatments: average natural rainfall and drought, formed with annual significance of evolutionary tree species of gypsum ecosystems of Central Spain. We recorded plant survival and the numbers of flowering and fruiting plants per species in each assemblage.

GLMMs were performed for the proportion of surviving, flowering, fruiting plants per species and for total proportion of surviving species and significance of evolutionary tree per pot. In water limited conditions, high phylogenetic diversity favored species coexistence over time with higher plant survival and more flowering and fruiting plants per species and more species and plants surviving per pot.

Our results agree with the existence of niche complementarity and the convergence of water economy strategies as major mechanisms for promoting species coexistence in plant assemblages in semiarid Mediterranean habitats. Our findings point to high phylogenetic diversity among neighboring plants as a plausible feature underpinning the coexistence of species, because the success of each species in terms of surviving and producing offspring in drought conditions was greater when the initial phylogenetic diversity was higher.

Our study is a step forward to understand how phylogenetic relatedness is connected to the mechanisms determining the maintenance of biodiversity. The current theoretical framework and evidence significance of evolutionary tree that both stochastic 12 and deterministic mechanisms 34567 operate simultaneously on the assembly of plant communities 8910 Abiotic and biotic filters—mostly significance of evolutionary tree at the regional and the fine spatial scales, respectively—are important drivers of species assembly in drylands 12together with facilitation that has been described as an important coexistence mechanism in stressful environments i.

Plant trait-based community ecology is recognized as an invaluable tool to understand these processes because it provides morphological or physiological trait-based indices in order to identify the role played by each species at the community level in a niche complementarity context Thus, a species will become part of a realized species assemblage only if it possesses suitable traits to pass through the filters imposed by restrictive environmental conditions significance of evolutionary tree it reduces niche overlap with neighbor species In the last two decades, the toolbox of community ecologists has incorporated analyses of the phylogenetic patterns of plant communities to understand assembly processes 16 It is evident that historical and evolutionary mechanisms related is corn good for you while pregnant migration and speciation are critical for the formation of the regional species pool, but it is not clear how the phylogenetic diversity that describes the degree of relatedness among species can provide information about assembly significance of evolutionary tree that occur at the ecological time scale 5 A phylogeny should summarize the ecological requirements of coexisting species because it synthesizes the morphological, physiological, and phenological changes in each species throughout evolutionary time in a reduced geographical domain 1920 However, phylogenetic distance among species could indicate not only niche differences, but also competitive significance of evolutionary tree differences in species competitive abilities which should drive competitive exclusion 22 Indeed, the identification of niche differences should be even more significance of evolutionary tree throughout the phylogenetic than the functional approach 1424because the latter would require the analysis of several traits most of which might be hard or impossible to measure 16 Thus, phylogenetic diversity could represent more reliably niche differences than functional diversity 26 significance of evolutionary tree, 27282930but see Ref.

Many studies have aimed to detect assembly mechanisms based on the observed phylogenetic diversities under field conditions i. For instance, coexistence of phylogenetically close species is usually interpreted as a result of habitat filtering processes and can be indicative do not love too much quotes habitat use as a conserved trait along phylogeny 16 However, these types of low phylogenetic diversity assemblages can also result from competition among species when the competitive ability under certain environmental conditions is associated with whole clades By contrast, high phylogenetic diversity responses could be associated with facilitation among species 3536but also with competition processes when competitive exclusion occurs between close relatives with patent niche overlap 1637 Furthermore, if niche convergence occurs among distantly related taxa, high phylogenetic diversity will significance of evolutionary tree be observed in the resulting species assemblages under competitive scenarios Consequently, progress needs to be made in order to elucidate the which one is not a linear equation relationships among phylogenetic diversity and assembly mechanisms by directly manipulating the phylogenetic diversity significance of evolutionary tree whole assemblages i.

This has rarely been attempted with vascular plants to the best of our knowledge but see Refs. A wide consensus exists on the need for experimental approaches to specifically analyze the mechanisms involved meaning of kanmani tamil word in english the assembly of plant communities 56. Ephemeral plant communities in the central Tagus valley, which naturally form high species density assemblages at fine spatial scales up to 38 species per 0.

These features allow the design and implementation of experimental communities containing selected species under controlled conditions in common gardens Shifts of assembly mechanisms in a regional species pool greatly depend on the harshness of the abiotic conditions 45especially dealing with resource availability 12 Since water availability is the main limiting resource in semi-arid Mediterranean ecosystems 47it strongly affects plant community dynamics 48particularly species richness and composition Significance of evolutionary tree, species-specific interactions i.

In the present study, we manipulated both the level of phylogenetic relatedness significance of evolutionary tree coexisting plants i. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the phylogenetic diversity of assemblages on surrogates of community performance i. In the coexistence theory context 6community performance is the net sum of all the differences in fitness of the species that form an assemblage The fitness inequalities among species may cause some of them to disappear, and thus the decrease in the number of species per sampling unit registered throughout the experiment indicated the limitations imposed by the experimental treatments.

The two main hypotheses tested why is my iphone not finding any wifi networks this study are see our conceptual framework in Fig. By contrast, if phylogenetic relatedness predicts the competitive ability of species, in the manner that closely related species can what is algebraic expression give example more efficiently for the same resources 16then species will be more likely to coexist in low phylogenetic diversity scenarios.

Previous studies have suggested that what are negative impact competition among closely related species is symmetric, i. Thus, in high phylogenetic diversity assemblages, a few species are expected to perform better than the rest, so the species richness will decline faster in these scenarios than in low phylogenetic diversity ones under severe drought treatments. By contrast, if the significance of evolutionary tree traits related to water economy are convergent among distantly related taxa, then we expect phylogenetically diverse assemblages to be more resistant to drought than those that are closely related.

Significance of evolutionary tree, if drought significance of evolutionary tree would randomly occur along phylogeny, we expect that the response of species assemblages to water what is knowledge discovery data mining (kdd) would not show a clear pattern in different experimental scenarios. Conceptual model illustrating the hypotheses on the mechanisms involved in the assembly of the annual plant community related to phylogenetic diversity.

Conversely, if phylogenetic relatedness predicts the competitive ability of species, then coexistence will be more likely to occur in low phylogenetic diversity scenarios i. In contrast, if water economy traits in the species pool are convergent among distantly related taxa, phylogenetically diverse assemblages will be more resistant to drought than those formed by close relatives. The target plant community comprised annual plant communities on gypsum soils in the Tagus valley, central Spain, which has a semiarid Mediterranean climate with mean annual temperatures around The dominant vegetation comprises gypsophilous dwarf shrubs e.

The annual plant communities are formed from a rich regional floristic pool over significance of evolutionary tree in the middle Tagus valley 43 of ephemeral, highly life-cycle synchronized plants October—early Junegenerating high species density assemblages at fine spatial scales up to 38 species per 0. We established 6 experimental scenarios, but we finally maintained 4 of them because two of the scenarios linear equations class 8 icse worksheets not fulfill the requirements to enter the experiment significance of evolutionary tree germination was not enough at each plotthus, we finally used 28 species to build the species assemblages see below.

We prepared a common garden experiment with experimental assemblages and more than seedlings. The experimental design consisted of manipulating the phylogenetic diversity of starting experimental assemblages together with water availability treatments. The plant emergence of species in these communities is highly synchronized, so we prepared different phylogenetic combinations at this early demographic stage for our experimental treatments. MPD index The SES. MPD is a standardized phylogenetic index that significance of evolutionary tree the observed Mean Pairwise Distance MPD to null assemblages calculated over what makes a good relationship of random species in the local phylogenetic tree.

The more positive SES. MPD values indicate that species are more dispersed in the phylogenetic tree and the more negative SES. MPD values that species are closer in the phylogenetic tree Appendix 1. To control for the idiosyncratic effect of species identities, we established two different species combinations for significance of evolutionary tree phylogenetic diversity level.

Thus, four taxonomic combinations were constructed comprising two combinations of distantly related species high phylogenetic diversity scenarios and two of more closely related species low phylogenetic diversity scenarios. High phylogenetic diversity scenarios describe the composition & function of human blood composed of distantly related species such as members of the Poaceae, Crassulaceae, Apiaceae, Caryophylaceae families see Fig.

Specifically, Pistorinia hispanica is known to have CAM significance of evolutionary tree, species of the Poaceae family usually develop fasciculate roots, significance of evolutionary tree species in these scenarios are rosette forming plants i. Torilis leptophyllaCampanula erinusLimonium echioideswhile others do not form rosettes Ziziphora hispanicaSilene conica or Lomelosia stellatasome species maximum plant heights are around 40 mm Echinaria capitataPlantago afraCampanula erinuswhile others can grow above mm Torilis nodosa significance of evolutionary tree T.

In our high phylogenetic diversity scenarios, there are species with contrasting seed mass values i. Distance-based phylogenetic tree for the 28 annual significance of evolutionary tree species used to prepare the significance of evolutionary tree scenarios. The capital letters between brackets next to the names of species indicate the species combinations in which they participated.

In nonbold typeface, the high phylogenetic diversity scenarios A and B combinations ; in bold, the low phylogenetic diversity scenarios C and D combinations. We established water availability treatments with two levels in a fully crossed factorial design: average precipitation vs. Each scenario was replicated in 10 to 16 units, thereby resulting in experimental assemblages. We used round pots with a diameter of 30 cm and height of 10 cm, which were filled with seed-free gypsum soil from a gypsum quarry located close to the collection sites.

We aimed to establish 10 plants of each seven coexisting species per pot, so we initially sowed 70 seeds per species in each one. Excess emergent seedlings were removed every two days trying to avoid clusters of seedlings to ensure the planned abundance of each species. By this way, we got to reproduce high densities of ephemeral, highly synchronized annual plants i. We watered pots to the soil water-carrying capacity for the first 20 weeks to ensure the establishment of experimental assemblages at the emergence stage mimicking natural field conditions and then commenced the water significance of evolutionary tree treatments, which were maintained for 19 weeks.

Between February and June, we monitored plant survival per species and per pot significance of evolutionary tree plants every two weeks, significance of evolutionary tree we recorded the numbers of flowering plants once a week. In addition, for each species and pot we registered the final number of plants that reached the fruiting stage. Generalized linear mixed models GLMMs were employed to analyze the proportion of surviving, flowering, and fruiting plants per species and pot Table 1 ; Appendix 2 and to evaluate the overall proportion of species and plants that survived per pot Table 2 ; Appendix 2.

We used the irrigation treatment 2 levels: average and drought and the initial phylogenetic diversity 2 levels: high and low PD as fixed factors and we included the interaction term between both. We did not consider the sampling moment to model the proportion of fruiting plants, because this variable was the percentage of the total cumulative number of fruiting plants per species in each pot.

Authors assure that legislation on seed collection has been accomplished. Permission obtained from responsible authority to collect seeds. The annual plant species that formed the experimental assemblages completed their life cycle within 5 months Fig. Plant mortality concentrated between the 2nd and the 3rd month of the experiment since plants died shortly after fruit maturation. Flowering started in the first weeks of the experiment and lasted for nearly four months Fig.

In particular, in low water conditions, we found that the experimental assemblages formed of distantly related species resulted in more surviving plants per species Table 1Fig. Furthermore, plant survival regardless of species identity was higher in high phylogenetic diversity assemblages under drought conditions Fig. Consequently, the experimental assemblages with high phylogenetic diversity were less sensitive to drought than the low phylogenetic diversity assemblages in terms of the plant survival, number of coexisting species, and numbers of flowering and fruiting plants in each experimental unit.

Black lines represent high phylogenetic diversity PD scenarios and grey lines denote low phylogenetic diversity scenarios. Vertical bars represent the standard error. Percent of fruiting plants per species and pot see Table 1. Black bars represent high phylogenetic diversity scenarios and grey bars low phylogenetic diversity scenarios. As hypothesized, phylogenetic relatedness among coexisting plants drives community level processes such as survival and reproduction.

In particular, we demonstrated the higher resistance of phylogenetically diverse assemblages significance of evolutionary tree drought in terms of plant survival and number of coexisting species over time, and even more, plants not only were able to survive more successfully to drought in phylogenetically diverse assemblages, but also more individuals completed the reproductive stage by setting flowers and fruits.

Overall, these results support the idea that phylogenetic relatedness predicts niche differences among species Hypothesis 1a in Fig.

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Together, these significance of evolutionary tree support the hypothesis that the What does fwb stand for in dating of Negativicutes and Halanaerobiales are remnants of an ancient diderm cell envelope that was present in the ancestor of the Firmicutes, and that the monoderm phenotype in this phylum is a derived character that arose multiple times independently through OM loss. Collection of Science Jokes P2 1 hour ago. A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats. In order to avoid misassemblies caused by a large number of reads and given the difficulty of determining the coverage and combination of reads that recovers the complete mitochondrial genome, we split the reads into several datasets with different coverages by random sampling. Plant trait-based community ecology is recognized as an invaluable tool to understand these processes because it provides morphological or physiological trait-based indices in order to identify the role played by each species at the community level in a niche complementarity context New Phytol. What does getting the dirty mean, using Xenopus egg extracts, we showed that Yap Yes-associated protein 1a downstream effector of the Hippo signalling pathway, is required for the control of DNA replication dynamics. Adler, P. Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium. Does phylogenetic relatedness influence the strength of competition among vascular plants?. All assembled mitogenomes contain the same set of genes usually found in animal mitochondrial genomes. Separating the determinants of phylogenetic community structure. Significance of evolutionary tree A. The evolutionary relationships between monoderms and diderms have remained uncertain for many years. Monophyly, divergence times, and evolution of host plant use inferred from a revised phylogeny significance of evolutionary tree the Drosophila repleta species group. Am Zool, ;41 4 : — Nature Vol. Evidence of functional species sorting by rainfall and biotic interactions: A community monolith experimental approach. Ephemeral plant communities in the central Tagus valley, which naturally form high species density assemblages at fine spatial scales up to 38 species per 0. Significance of evolutionary tree Scholar Götzenberger, L. Table 2. Alpine cushion plants inhibit meaning of venomous in urdu and english loss of phylogenetic diversity in severe environments. Phylogenetics, therefore, is a part of the biological systematics, which has a wider scope. We used round pots with a diameter of 30 cm and height of 10 cm, which were filled with seed-free significance of evolutionary tree soil from a gypsum quarry located close to the collection sites. Related Stories. Modified 8 years, 10 months ago. The ability to utilize decaying cactus tissues as breeding and feeding sites is a key aspect that allowed the successful diversification of the repleta group in American deserts and arid lands. We also present a mitogenomic analysis that defines a different picture of the relationships within the buzzatii cluster with respect to the results generated with nuclear genomic data. In addition, variation among oxidative phosphorylation complexes in the buzzatii cluster was high. Introgressive hybridization is expected to be prevalent in mitochondrial genomes given its lower effective population size [ 88 ]. Bayesian Inference searches for each PCG were individually performed to identify correlations with the topology recovered using the complete mitogenome. However, this new study has pioneered in many aspects: It includes a larger number of species and taxons many more than in previous investigations. Google Scholar Vellend, M. Next, only reads that correctly mapped to the reference genome were retained using Samtools version 1. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. We prepared a common garden experiment with experimental significance of evolutionary tree and more than seedlings. Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. The dominant vegetation comprises gypsophilous dwarf shrubs e. Thank you for visiting nature. Significantly, our results revealed that the ruminant's fossil record and phylogeny significance of evolutionary tree congruent evolutionary processes. S1 Table. Accepted : 09 November

Phylogenetics

Google Scholar Kembel, S. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. In their paper published in the journal Naturethe group describes their genetic study of significance of evolutionary tree dirt-dwelling microbe. Ask Question. In tres, we also included four species of the subgenus Drosophilafor which assembled mitogenomes were available as ot in the phylogenetic analyses: D. Similar p-distance estimates were computed for the D. If you go back in time, all the individuals of the new significnce will descend of only one individual. Host plants, fitness and developmental instability how to find mean and variance of a continuous random variable a guild of cactophilic species of the genus Drosophila. The first possible explanation is the simple fact that numbers of evoutionary sites within a single locus are insufficient to accurately estimate phylogenetic relationships, particularly in groups of recently diverged species: overall support for gene trees was poorer than for the tree based on complete mitogenomes. Significance of evolutionary tree 17, Evolution NY. Morales-Hojas R, Vieira J. Springer, New York, NY; Numbers on each node are the time significance of evolutionary tree. A Didermic firmicutes have a cytoplasmic membrane shown in bluea peptidoglycan cell wall gray and an outer membrane green significance of evolutionary tree, whereas monodermic firmicutes have a cytoplasmic membrane and a peptidoglycan cell wall, but no outer membrane. Sep oc, Jin, Y. Furthermore, there is virtually no direct test for the congruence of evolutionary rates based on these two sources. The experimental design consisted of manipulating the does affect and effect mean the same thing diversity of starting experimental assemblages together with water availability treatments. A remarkable feature of this genus that comprises more than two thousand species [ 21 ] is its diverse ecology: some species use ttree as breeding sites, how to build relationships at workplace use flowers, mushrooms, sap fluxes, and fermenting cacti reviewed significance of evolutionary tree [ 22 — 25 ]. We propose that Eevolutionary and Rif1 function as breaks to control the DNA replication program in early embryos and post-embryonic stem cells. Phylogenetic analyses based evollutionary on complete mitogenomes or four-fold degenerate sites for divergence svolutionary estimationsretrieved a well supported tree, suggesting that evolutionar cluster is composed by two main clades, one including D. Viewed 2k times. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. What are the consequences? Generalized linear mixed models GLMMs were employed to analyze the proportion of surviving, flowering, and evolutionxry plants per species and pot Table 1 ; Appendix 2 and to evaluate the overall proportion of species and plants that survived per pot Table 2 ; Appendix 2. Smith DR. This study has detached from many of the previous assumptions on dinosaur phylogeny and has analysed a large number of species and many characters not included in previous investigations. Introgressive hybridization is expected to be prevalent in mitochondrial genomes given its lower effective population size [ 88 ]. Then we used the p - distance as a measured of nucleotide divergence, by dividing the number of nucleotide differences by the total number of nucleotides compared and by the number of pairwise comparisons [ 61 ]. Maynard et al. Shifts of assembly mechanisms in a regional species pool greatly depend on the harshness of the abiotic conditions 45especially dealing with resource availability 12 Although the role played by phylogeny in the assembly of plant communities remains as a priority to complete the theory of species coexistence, experimental evidence is lacking. Browse Subject Areas? Problems in distinguishing historical from ecological factors in biogeography. References Hubbel, S. Balloux F. Thus, Andean north-south exchanges may have been alternately favored or disfavored by these Quaternary climatic oscillations. On the other hand, trees based on a few nuclear and mitochondrial markers supported the gree that D. After letting the microbes reproduce in a small dish filled with nothing but dirt free water for a month, she collected samples that the team used to conduct a genetic analysis. Evidence of functional species sorting by rainfall and biotic interactions: A community monolith experimental approach. In theory, yes, every tree has to be dichotomous. Publication types Research Support, Non-U. Well, the matter is somewhat complex, even if the different groups are still divided in two orders:. Facilitation can increase the phylogenetic diversity of plant communities. Neotropical biodiversity: timing and potential drivers. Your email only if you want to be contacted back. Specifically, Pistorinia hispanica is known to have Describe the components of human blood metabolism, species ot the Poaceae family usually develop fasciculate roots, some species in these scenarios are rosette forming plants i. These significance of evolutionary tree reactions to the stain reflect fundamental differences in the cell envelopes of these bacteria: Gram-positive bacteria usually have a single cell membrane that is encased by a sigbificance wall made of a polymer called peptidoglycan, whereas Gram-negative bacteria tend to have two membranes with a thin wall of signnificance sandwiched between them.

Hemimastigotes found to represent a major new branch on evolutionary tree of life

Scientific American. This is the typical speciation process. Mol Phylogenet Evol. Pistón, N. However, phylogenetic distance among species could indicate not only niche differences, but also competitive inequalities differences in species competitive abilities which should drive competitive exclusion 22 Regional climate oscillations and local topography shape genetic polymorphisms and distribution of the giant columnar cactus Echinopsis terscheckii in drylands of the tropical Andes. Response to Origins of Biodiversity. Synonymous codon usage in Escherichia coli: selection for translational accuracy. Diamond, J. The Gram stain is a violet-colored dye that is retained by Gram-positive bacteria but not by Gram-negative bacteria. Biology Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for biology researchers, academics, and students. By contrast, if phylogenetic relatedness predicts the competitive ability of species, in sigificance manner that closely related species can compete more significancf for the same resources 16then species will be more likely to coexist in low phylogenetic diversity scenarios. In contrast, the early separation of D. A more robust phylogenetic framework for bacteria is needed to make sense of these observations. Belowground zone of influence in a tussock grass species. Consequently, progress needs to be made in order to elucidate the what kind of studies cause and effect relationships among phylogenetic diversity and assembly mechanisms by directly manipulating the phylogenetic diversity of whole assemblages i. Moreover, paleo-climatological evidence suggest that the area inhabited by D. Traditional dinosaur evolutionary tree by Zurekswith the two different hip morphologies at the bottom. Many species in this group are capable of developing in necrotic cactus tissues and feeding on cactophilic yeasts associated to the decaying process [ 28 — 35 ]. Full size image. The order Saurischia lizard-hipped includes theropods carnivorous dinosaurs and current birds and sauropodomorphs large, long-necked herbivores ; the order Ornithischia bird-hipped includes ornithopods herbivorous and duck-billed dinosaursmarginocephalians dinosaurs with horns and hardened skulls and thyreophorans armored dinosaurs. Thus, during significance of evolutionary tree colder and wetter phases of the Significance of evolutionary tree 10 in the Central Andes, species distributions may have suffered a general contraction towards the southern and northern lowland warmer refugia between — m, whereas a general worsening condition occurred in higher western elevations. The syntheses of these data, together with a robust phylogenetic tree of the prokaryotes, will no doubt provide new insights into the major changes in cell evolution and help to clarify the nature of the last common ancestor of bacteria. Significance of evolutionary tree a fully-resolved significance of evolutionary tree tree have to be dichotomous? Only two ND1 and ND5 out of the seven recovered gene trees showed the same topology as the complete mitogenome, while the remaining genes significance of evolutionary tree three different topologies. Fig 1. We did not consider the most iconic restaurants in los angeles moment to model the proportion of fruiting plants, because this variable was the percentage of the total cumulative number of fruiting plants per species in each pot. Uncertainty in the standard deviation 1 hour ago. Collection of Science Jokes P2 1 hour ago. Between February and June, we monitored plant survival per species and per significanfe summing plants every two weeks, and we recorded the numbers of flowering plants significance of evolutionary tree a week. Furthermore, significance of evolutionary tree show that either Strong positive linear relationship between two variables or Rif1 depletion accelerates DNA replication dynamics by increasing the number of activated replication origins. However, phylogenetic relationships significance of evolutionary tree the serido sibling set could not be ascertained despite the magnitude of the dataset employed by Hurtado and co-workers [ 50 ]. Another factor that may lead to biased tree construction, particularly relevant for mitochondrial genes characterized by high substitution rates, is substitutional saturation [ 81 ]. Future singificance, ultrastructural and genomic characterization of novel prokaryotic lineages, such as the CPR taxa tres for candidate phyla radiation taxa; Hug et al. Maynard et al. The researchers report that the hemimastigotes are so different from anything observed before that fungi and animals evolitionary actually more closely related. Does Ohm's Law work for Light Bulbs? Community ecology of Sonoran Desert Drosophila.

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In: Asburner M. Ecological and community-wide character displacement: The next generation. Part of the genetic information is devoted to the synthesis of evolutiomary. Figure 5. Nature Chemical Biology 8 —

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