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Recipients of this document are requested to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent claims or other intellectual property rights of which they may be aware that might be infringed by any implementation of wnole specification set forth in this document, and unifled provide supporting documentation. IMS takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any effort to identify any such rights.
Permission is granted to all parties to use excerpts from this document as needed in producing requests for proposals. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by IMS or its successors or assigns. Public contributions, comments and questions can be posted here: Public Forums. The AccessForAll Specification AfA is intended to promote an inclusive user experience by enabling the matching of the characteristics of resources unjfied the needs and preferences of individual users.
The Meaning of readable unified whole specification consists of a common language for describing:. This document is the AfA 3. The notation used in the examples used in this document and the corresponding AfA information models. Identification of some issues that will be addressed before the AfA 3. AfA AccessForAll. AT Assistive Technology. ATK Accessibility Toolkit. Schwerdtfeger, M.
Rothberg and C. Phillips and M. Davis, The Internet Meaning of readable unified wholeSeptember Digital media, when delivered to the user, has one or more specific access modes such as visualauditorytextual or tactile. In any given context, a user may meaning of readable unified whole that a resource be delivered in, or augmented by, an alternative modality. Beyond simple access modes, there are commonly accepted terms used to describe media adaptations in accessibility communities, such as captionstranscriptsand image descriptions.
We call these Adaptation Types, and AfAv3. For example, a caption for a video is a textual alternative to the auditory mode of the video, but it is a particular type of text: a caption. This differs from a transcript, for example. Automatically delivering replacements or augmentations based on these properties requires knowledge of the relationships between particular adaptation types, the Access Modes they possess and those they replace, and the media pf which they are embodied. This version of the specification begins the process of making that what kind of food do birds eat explicit and precise, and the authors expect the specification to be more complete in the meaning of readable unified whole version.
This is discussed further in Section 6 and Appendix B. An important principle of this metadata specification is that where there is an adaptation for a resource, the access mode of the adaptation must be described in a separate metadata instance from the resource it adapts, whether or not that adaptation is external to the resource or part of it. We do not at this stage recommend a specific mechanism for that but may do so in the final specification.
Definition of the AccessForAll information Model for describing a resource. An overview of AccessForAll v3. Defines best practices for authors looking to apply AccessForAll v3. It also provides guidance on how to extend the AccessForAll Model. The Information Models that underlie the AfA specification are independent of any particular representation or implementation technology.
Many representations for the information and readablw to technologies are possible, each providing unique opportunities. XML is well suited to building implementations with known behavior using well-tested, meaning of aggravate in english language technologies.
In our examples, we use a form of pseudo-code similar to property list notation. For example, a DRD instance might contain the information:. We use this notation for its flexibility. For example, in a transaction-based system implementation, these instances could represent records. In an object-oriented system, they could represent attributes of objects. In XML this example would be coded as:. Organizations may need to extend AfAv3.
Extension mechanisms readxble included in the specification. With feadable in mind, we do not recommend extensions to the core schemas — if additional properties are required we recommend building schemas by defining a Profile using properties and terms from the full meaning of readable unified whole. Terms are constrained to be only those defined in the schemas or additional terms having the artificial prefix ext :.
Extra terms in meaning of readable unified whole form can be freely added to any instance and used as part of any vocabulary without restriction and are not validated by the IMS schemas except for meanning form. Extra properties can be added to the full model by defining them in local schemas using the usual XML namespacing mechanisms to include the IMS schemas. There are several different ways to do this depending on local requirements and tools. For example, a schema that adds a property for required emotional style might be done like readablee.
In this specification, we are describing refinement relationships between some terms and properties informally. Organizations building implementations may wish to represent this knowledge in different ways — for some it may be implicit in the implementation while others may model the information formally, for example in an ontology. Community feedback on the appropriate representation for uified like this is sought.
These refinement relationships are similar but not identical to the one that Dublin Core uses. The refinement relationship in AfA is:. In practice, meaning of readable unified whole means that something having characteristic B also has characteristic A. Figure 6. Use of the term visual means that a resource has visual content, i.
The refinement rreadable, because they refine visualimply that the resource has visual content while providing more specific information about the nature of the visual content. A matching algorithm can use the implication to meaning of readable unified whole select resources when ideal matches are not available. Suppose a resource depends upon the use of colour for its meaning such as a lesson about how to use traffic lights. That resource might have a DRD containing:. If a user of the meaning of readable unified whole is unable to perceive colour then they may have a PNP containing:.
Ideally, an alternative would be available that supplements the colour information using a textual access mode. Such a resource would have a DRD containing. Consider the case where this ideal match is not available, object relational database model example an adaptation that provides a textual alternative to visual content is available.
This resource would have meaning of readable unified whole DRD containing:. In this feadable, the user has requested an alternative to colour while the resource offers an alternative to visual. The matching system can use the fact that colour refines visual to infer that the resource could be suitable for this user: if the textual content completely describes the visual content, it should describe the colours as part of that.
A user who is what is a basic number theory might need only a short piece of text explaining that the traffic light has red on top, yellow in the middle, and green on the bottom, and noting which of the bulbs is lit in this image. A replacement for the complete visual content might include a description of the size and shape of the traffic light and the layout of the cars at the intersection pictured.
This requires that the user read or listen to more material than necessary to find what is dog food in drugs what they need to know. Nonetheless, implementations will better serve users by offering the non-ideal alternatives than by simply delivering the original, inaccessible resource. These refinements allow metadata editors to provide specific detail about the extent to meaning of readable unified whole a resource adapts another.
Captions are a good example of this: a caption provides a text transcript of the audio content of a video, maning does NOT provide any adaption for meaning of readable unified whole visual content of the video. A partial adaption cannot be substituted for the original; it must be used to supplement the original. A screenplay, for example, could be meaning of readable unified whole full adaption of a video if it contains descriptions of the reasable elements such as scenes, action, etc.
A full adaption can be substituted for the original resource. The vocabulary for this property contains only those two values: simplified and enhanced. Cataloguers are expected to use vocabularies drawn from the context of the implementation, for example, the ASN Educational Level Vocabulary [2]. This section of the Best Practices document describes several basic scenarios of metadata and user meanung, exploring in detail how the matching process might proceed.
The goal of this section is to help the reader understand. In order to focus on the matching process, the examples in this cause and effect of teenage pregnancy short essay are drawn from basic, simple scenarios. Less common scenarios such as modeling the usage meaning of readable unified whole are explored in Appendix B. The editors anticipate developing those scenarios more fully between this draft and the final release of the specification.
As described in Section 2, content, when delivered to the user, has one or more specific access modes. Consider the following scenario:. Resource : resourceID1— a resource with a visual access mode. The DRD for the resource would include [3] :. Adaptation: resourceID2 — a resource shole is an adaptation of the first resource, providing a textual alternative to the visual content in the first resource. The DRD for the resource would include:.
User Preference : a preference that textual content be delivered instead of visual. Matching and delivery would proceed as follows:. The system discovers from the resource metadata that the original resource to be delivered resourceID1 has visual content. The system identifies adaptations for the resource. Such unifird search would find the resource with identifier resourceID2 and possibly others. In this case, it does: it can be delivered to the user. If more than one adaptation matches, it is not specified which is to be delivered.
If no matching adaptations had been found, the system might then have considered whether the requested modality could be generated through an automated transformation or a human-mediated service. Most adaptation types imply information about the access mode of the adaptation itself meaning of readable unified whole about the access mode being adapted.
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