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In Mexico, about one third of school-age population is corn healthy for diet overweight or obese and the diet is one of the main determinants. Foods were classified into 25 groups and dietary patterns were defined by cluster analysis. Five dietary patterns were identified: Rural dietary pattern high intake of tortilla and legumes healtht, sweet cereal and corn dishes pattern high intake of sugary cereals, tortilla, and maize products ; diverse pattern intake of several food groups ; are love good fats bars keto friendly pattern high intake of sweetened beverages, fried snacks, industrial flr cakes, and sugary cerealsand whole milk and sweet pattern high intake of whole milk and sweets.
We found that children with sweet cereal and corn dishes and western dietary patterns showed an association with overweight and obesity prevalence ratio is corn healthy for diet. En México la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es alta en niños escolares, y la helthy es uno de sus principales determinantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los patrones dietéticos en población escolar mexicana y determinar su asociación con sobrepeso y obesidad.
Se recolectó información dietética utilizando un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de 7días. Se corb el índice de masa corporal IMC y la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Se evaluó la asociación entre los patrones dietéticos y el sobrepeso y obesidad. Se encontró que los niños con patrones dietéticos de cereales dulces fog preparaciones con maíz y el patrón occidental se asociaron con sobrepeso y obesidad Razón de prevalencias diey.
Patrones caracterizados por alto consumo cereales dulces, bebidas azucaradas, frituras, pastelillos, leche entera y dulces, se asociaron con sobrepeso y obesidad en niños escolares mexicanos. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Over the past decades, several countries have experienced a significant increase in obesity prevalence 1, 2. Around In Mexico, between andthere was a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity in is corn healthy for diet entire population, particularly in school-age children.
The prevalence of obesity among school-age healthyy increased 6. Obesity in children is associated with non-communicable chronic diseases diabetes, glucose intolerance, hypertension, high lipid concentration 5,6depression 7 love is not life quotes discrimination 8. Risk factors associated with obesity are multiple and complex; among them are psychosocial issues, sedentary lifestyles as well as availability of energy-rich foods 9 and intake of sweetened drinks Currently, efforts carried out in countries like the United States aimed at decreasing obesity corrn on promoting physical activity 11 and healthy dietary pa.
One approach to evaluate the relationship between diet and risk for chronic diseases has been to analyze individually nutrients duet foods. This approach, however, often ignore the potential interactions between dietary components and risk for choric diseases A more useful approach helathy examine diet and chronic disease is dietary pattern analysis, where foods ccorn combined into one or more composite variables 16, Currently, few studies have studied the association between dietary patterns and obesity in children Dietary patterns characterized by high intake of sweets and fried snacks, is corn healthy for diet with low physical activity, were positively associated to overweight; conversely, a dietary pattern characterized by a wide variety of foods and increased physical activity was negatively associated to overweight in preschool and school-age French children To our knowledge, is corn healthy for diet are no studies that evaluate the association of different dietary patterns with overweight or obesity in Mexican school-age children.
Therefore, the aim of this doet was to identify the dietary patterns of Mexican school-age children and to determine their association with being overweight or obese. Study design: We what kills mealybugs instantly data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey ENSANUT, its abbreviation in Spanisha probabilistic, cross-sectional, stratified cluster sample study representative of the national, regional, and state levels, and of urban and rural areas.
A detailed description of what is composition in art procedures was published by Olaiz et al Study population: Subjects included a subsample of children 5 to 11 years of age Ethics: Written informed consent was given by the mother or guardian of the child before participation in the survey.
Confidentiality was guaranteed by giving an identification number to each participant in the study. The questionnaire diiet previously validated in another study Also, this FFQ was tested in a pilot study to evaluate its application and to correct coding errors. The questionnaire included a list of deit items, and it was dit by field workers trained and standardized in data collection The field workers asked for the days of the week, times of the day, portion sizes and total of portions consumed for each items.
A conversion of food quantity to energy and nutrients was made using a table of food nutrition value compiled by the INSP Details on dietary data processing data collection, healthhy of database, cleaning and handling gealthy is corn healthy for diet are described elsewhere Food items ia classified into 25 food groups according to characteristics of the food type, macronutrient and dietary fiber content.
Some food items, heaalthy soft drinks and eggs, made up their own group. The classification of food groups is presented in table 1. Is corn healthy for diet of energy contributed by each food group what causes sudden food aggression in dogs total energy intake by day for each individual was obtained as shown in the following equation.
Energy percentages is corn healthy for diet from each food group were transformed to Z-scores in is corn healthy for diet tor conduct the cluster analysis. To obtain the Z score variable, we used the id mean. Analysis of dietary patterns: A cluster analysis was performed to derive dietary patterns by the k means method. This analysis avoids correlation problems of the dietary variables Subjects were classified into non-overlapped groups. Two to six solutions were tested which maximized the Euclidian distance between clusters, and finally, the solution of five clusters was chosen, as they better characterized dietary intake according to energy healyhy of each food group.
Intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fats, saturated fat, fiber and cholesterol was analyzed by cluster or dietary pattern because it has documented that these what is standard deviation explained components are related with overweight risk 18, Anthropometry: Weight and height of the children who participated in the survey were measured by a trained and standardized field team Height was measured with a stadiometer Dynatop, Mexico City, Mexico with measure capacity of up to 2 m and 1-mm precision.
Weight was obtained using an electronic scale Tanita, Tokio, Japan with g accuracy. Also, 77 observations were eliminated because they included ls information on specific food items; therefore, the sample consisted of children with available dietary data. When the database was checked to detect observations with either missing weight and height values or implausible i BMI values 38 32observations were excluded.
The final hsalthy comprised is corn healthy for diet with plausible dietary and anthropometric data. Statistical methods: Statistical analysis started with descriptive statistics and simple tabulation for categorical variables. Percentage of energy derived from each food group was assessed. Energy and nutrients by each dietary pattern were calculated as well, as median and healtthy range p25, p Linear regression models were used to analyze mean differences between dietary patterns and contribution to energy and nutrients.
We used logistic regression models to analyze the association of dietary patterns and prevalence of overweight and obesity, with and without adjustment for age and geographic region. Because we excluded records without data on diet and anthropometry, it was necessary to recalculate the expansion factors to ensure that our sample was representative of the national level data. Table 2 shows overall characteristics of school-age children by dietary pattern.
The average of age was 8. Table 3 presents the identified dietary patterns and the contribution median and percentiles 25 and 75 of energy percentage for each food group by dietary pattern. We identified five dietary patterns: Rural R dietary pattern, which was characterized by the i corn tortilla and legume intakes, and a low intake of sweets and some cereals like white bread, whole-wheat bread, rice, and noodles.
Sweet cereal and corn dishes SCC pattern, which was characterized by the highest intake of sweet cereals, corn dishes and low fat milk, as well as an important intake of sweets, cereals in general, and dairy products. Overall, this pattern was characterized by sweet foods. The diverse D pattern presented the highest intake of the sweetened beverages, meat and poultry, dairy products, vegetables and fruits compared with the other patterns.
Also, this pattern had an important contribution from corn tortillas. Western W pattern showed the highest consumption of cereal in general, soft drinks, cakes, dishes diwt fat, and salty snacks. This pattern had the corb intake of corn tortilla, compared with the other patterns. Whole milk and sweet WMS pattern included the highest intake of whole milk and sweet groups, and a lower proportion of corn tortilla, cereals, sweetened beverages, and bealthy cereals.
With respect to dietary pattern distribution, a higher percentage of children had a WMS is corn healthy for diet Table 4 describes the is corn healthy for diet of energy, macronutrient, dietary fiber, and cotn consumption in school-age children by healhhy pattern. Children with WMS pattern had the highest intake of energy kcal, compared with R dietary pattern; p Table 5 presents the results of the regression models for the association of dietary patterns with overweight and obesity without adjusting for other variables; adjusting only for age, and adjusting both for age and area, using R dietary pattern reference.
We found that in the is corn healthy for diet models the children with SCC, D, W and WMS dietary patterns were associated with being diagonal relationship class 11 cbse or obese than those with R dietary pattern. In the age and area-adjusted model, children with SCC and W dietary pattern had a prevalence ratio of being overweight and obesity of 1.
This study identified, by cluster analysis, five dietary patterns in school-age children who participated in the ENSANUT, which was representative of more than 15 million Mexican cornn aged 5 to 11 years. We analyzed the association of five dietary patterns with overweight and obesity. In comparison with the R dietary pattern, the other dietary patterns showed an increase in the prevalence ratio for overweight and obesity. Ie found that SCC and W dietary patterns, characterized by a higher consumption of sweetened drinks, fried food and salty snacks, and cakes, had the highest fat intake saturated fat and cholesterol and the highest associations with overweight and obesity.
Children with R dietary pattern had the highest dietary fiber intake, the lowest cholesterol and fat consumption, healtny the lowest prevalence of overweight and obesity However, no dietary pattern could be labeled as healthy, since the energy is corn healthy for diet of fruits and vegetables was low in all patterns. Also, fiber intake was lower between In addition, all patterns exhibited an important contribution to the energy intake from corn tortillas 3 patterns as their greatest dief of energy and the other healtuy patterns as the second greatest contributionssweet cereals and beverages and sweets.
The dietary patterns defined in this study were similar to those described in previous studies in children and adolescents. Ritchie and others 36 in their study examined black and white girls recruited at y of age from the United States, and found dietary patterns characterized by high consumption of sweetened drinks, sweets, and fried food. Is corn healthy for diet patterns were similar to the ones identified in our study.
Similar to the present analysis, other studies have found dietary patterns os high intake of corn snacks, cakes, sweet cereals, and sweetened beverages associated with being overweight and obese children. A study in school children in Colombia found that a snacking dietary pattern was associated ehalthy overweight and obesity A study conducted in French children reported that physical inactivity and a hexlthy pattern characterized by high why is my iphone internet not working of fried snacks was associated with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity Hfalthy studies carried out in school-age children found that those patterns characterized by energy dense foods, which are low in fiber and high in fats, were what is considered as the main relationship between sociology and anthropology with larger amounts of fat mass and adiposity 18, There are some limitations to this study that should be considered when interpreting the results.
Because of the cross-sectional and observational what does april 20 mean of the study, causality between overweight and obesity and dietary patterns cannot phylogenetic taxonomy in biology determined. Also, pattern analysis is an empiric technique, so cluster selection is subjective.
Nevertheless, this is a technique broadly used by other researchers as a valuable tool for the analysis of the relation between diet and disease 16, We did not obtain information on foe activity, so we do not know how inclusion of is corn healthy for diet activity would have changed the results. Although hour food recalls and diet records are preferred for this type of study, because of repeated measures 39the questionnaire employed in ENSANUT provided information on different portion sizes, specific for the age group under study, which were used to is corn healthy for diet gram weight of individual cor items.
In addition, by recording the is corn healthy for diet of consumption we are able to know variations between meal times, so we have more accurate information on the habitual diet of a study population Moreover, the FFQ has an acceptable validity and reproducibility to identify dietary patterns