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Aarhus: Aarhus University. Auta, A. Leaflet Writing presentation Text types: la carta formal. Minidiccionario crítico de dudas II etapa, 3. Diéguez Morales, M. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. What is a Leaflet?

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PDF Pack. People also downloaded these PDFs. People also downloaded these free PDFs. Estudio contrastivo del folleto médico inglés-español by Goretti Faya Ornia. Translating the Discourse of Medical Tourism: a catalogue of resources and corpus for translators and researchers by Gloria Corpas Pastor. Diseño y compilación de corpus paralelos alineados: dificultades y algunas soluciones en el ejemplo de un corpus de textos museísticos traducidos inglés-español by Jorge Leiva Rojo.

Comparativa de herramientas empleadas para mejorar la comunicación con pacientes extranjeros en centros sanitarios del Reino Unido, Alemania y España by Goretti Faya Ornia. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. However, medical translation has not been frequently researched until the last few decades. In the last few years, sev- eral studies dealing with very different matters and from very diverse ap- proaches have been published.

Secondly, another common research area, which has become particu- larly popular in the last few years, deals with linguistic issues, such as fre- quent mistakes and terminological difficulties occurring in medical transla- tion. Outstanding contributions have been made in what are the differences between sql and nosql databases research area in the numerous works of Williams ; ; ; a; b; ; ; and doctor Navarro ; a; b; ; ; a; b; ; ; a; b; c; a; b; a; b; c; d; how to write a leaflet format b; c; a; b; ; easy things to make for dinner with little ingredients a; b; ; a; b; a; b.

However, many other works have also been published on this subject, by researchers such as Díaz PrietoOrtega Arjonilla et al. Many of the works dealing with linguistic issues have a clear pedagogical approach, such as the contributions of WilliamsGómez and WeinrebMayor Serrano ; a; b; c;Bal- liuMuñoz-Miqueletc. Also, works analysing a particular text genre and aiming to determine its features or implications for translation have been common, especially in the last decade i.

Salager-Meyer ; ; Nwogu ; Webber ; Saladrigas et al. As we can see, there are many different research approaches to medi- cal translation, and some of them might even be combined in the same study for example, the analysis of a particular text genre with pedagogi- cal purposes. In this sense, the present work focuses mainly on the last two approaches mentioned in this section i. Although the topic is one of the most determining factors for specialisa- tion, it is not the only one Cabré Castellví Some extra-textual criteria must also be taken into consideration: mainly the text function and the features of the what is go green mean in spanish participants Gamero Pérez ; ; Some authors even highlight the skills required to translate these texts as another criterion to determine whether a text is special- ised or not Gläser ; ; Göpferich a; b; Gutiérrez Rodilla ; ; Gamero Pérez and Hurtado Albir ; Alcina Caudet and Gamero Pérez ; Olohan Medical texts i.

These three aspects i. However, translation strategies are not only determined by the topic and the communicative situation, but also by the features of the textual genre. The variations between cultures can range from formal issues such as the design or the macrostructure of the text to linguistic or stylistic aspects. These differences might not be very frequent in formal and high- ly specialised texts because scientists tend to follow a fixed pattern and a similarly formal and objective style.

This can be frequently seen in medical texts addressed to patients or their relatives, i. Text genres are determined by both the features of the textual genre itself and the cultural conventions of the country in which they are devel- oped. Medical Brochures Medical brochures present recurring linguistic and structural elements which make this text genre easily recognisable. These texts are usually ad- dressed to patients and their relatives, and, although the content is more important than the form in which the message is transmitted Smith et al.

In previous studies, this text genre was contrasted in different cultures with how to write a leaflet format aim of detecting the features that it presents in each culture as well as the possible variations. In a subsequent study, the genre of medical brochures was contrasted again in different cultures, but on this occasion the cultures shared the same language: the UK and the US faya Ornia According to these organisations, there are several studies related to the different degrees of knowl- edge as well as to determining factors one of the main ones is the cultural context.

In all the analyses, both formal and linguistic differences were detected; here, some of them are commented on. American and particularly Spanish brochures are usually more appeal- ing and informal than British ones: special thickness paper is frequently used, colourful images abound, and the styles and fonts used are very di- verse. In Spanish brochures, images are often informal drawings, whereas American brochures include realistic images as well as impersonal struc- tures which provide a more objective and technical tone.

On the other hand, German brochures, not being as appealing as Spanish brochures in fact, the styles and fonts are extremely soberare more interactive and informal than British texts regarding the type of paper and the kind of im- ages included. In British brochures, a high number have no images, and in those brochures that do contain them realistic photographs clearly pre- vail.

The layouts are also different: triptychs are undoubtedly preferred in Spanish and American English, whereas the layouts of diptychs, triptychs, booklets and even a collection of stapled sheets coexist in British English. Among German brochures, booklets are the most frequent layout. Some linguistic differences have also been detected in the analyses, particularly regarding the terminology, the use of acronyms and the length of sentences.

In this sense, femur is less frequent than thigh bone, both referring to the same concept. The same is true for clavicle and collar bone or paraesthesia and pins and needles. In Spanish, this duplicity is much less frequent, though it may also occur, such as in pediculosis and piojos or cefalea and dolor de cabeza. Thus, we can conclude that the degree of specialisation of termi- nology is higher in Spanish i.

Something simi- lar happens with linguistic repetitions, which seem to be related more to the function of the brochure rather than to the language or culture itself. However, in this language, information is not usually structured in paragraphs as hap- pens with British and German brochures but in independent sentences as happens in American brochures, in which sentences tend to be quite short and direct.

The aspects analysed, particularly how to write a leaflet format lexical ones i. However, the fact that American brochures behave slightly differently regarding issues such as specialised terms and acronyms means that it may be a cultural matter rather than a linguistic one Wierzbicka Web Pages The necessity of adaption according to the reader and target culture re- ferred to above is not only present in printed texts but can also be seen in online materials, as is the case of web pages.

Although there are several works that focus on the linguistic aspects of web how to identify the relationship of angles as well as their legibility or the translation procedure such as Sil- berg, Lundberg and Musacchio ; Cleary ; Gouadec ; Diéguez Morales ; Chen et al.

It was formed by 30 web pages of British hospitals, 30 web pages of American hospitals and 30 web pages of Spanish hospitals. The contrastive analy- sis is based on the same model of analysis as that used for medical bro- chures, and clear differences have been detected: Spanish public hospi- tals share a homogenous layout, but this homogeneity is not so frequent among English public hospitals.

And even less homogenous is the case of American websites, in which every single hospital website analysed presented a completely different layout. This may be related to the fact that healthcare in Spain and the UK is public, whereas it belongs to the private sector in the US. The Spanish hospital websites analysed have a clear structure and in- clude plenty of information about the hospital itself, the services offered and the healthcare team. Also, different kinds of guidelines for the patient and even teaching and research-related options are offered.

Their general layout and the type of vocabulary used are similar to that stated for medi- cal brochures: colourful layouts, pictures both real or drawings and user- friendliness. The British public hospital websites analysed present a sober aspect and follow the same patterns detected in the analysis of medical brochures. Information is not so clearly structured as in the Spanish web- sites and images are not very common, and, if included, they are real im- ages i.

However, teaching what does causation mean in civil law research-related sec- tions are missing. As happens in marketing products, pictures are frequent, but they are always real photographs that provide a more serious and re- sponsible aspect. This contrastive analysis of British, American and Spanish hospital websites aims to be the first approach to this text genre and its variations in different countries, but a further analysis would be required how to write a leaflet format order to provide more conclusive outcomes.

It would also be advisable for subse- quent research to consider the ownership of the hospital as well i. Patient Information Leaflets Information leaflets or package inserts are written documents which come with medicines and are addressed to the consumer or user. They include information on the authorisation holder or the manufacturer, the drug composition, some guidelines for taking the medicine, maintenance, sec- ondary effects, interactions, contraindications, etc.

However, although the text genre of patient information leaflets is mainly addressed to patients, due to the macrostructure and the speci- ficity of the vocabulary used some patients may have difficulties in un- derstanding them see ASEDEf ; Bradley et al. These difficulties may be partially due to the degree of speciali- sation of the terminology included as well as the diversity of formats.

Traditional brochures are not numbered, their sentences are short and they have how to write a leaflet format highly specialised aspect, as demonstrated by the usage of specialised terms and complex syntax. Currently, both formats co-exist, but the modern format is becoming more and more frequent and has virtually replaced the traditional one. Modern English information leaflets are more flexible and visual than Spanish ones.

The macrostructure in English leaflets is also more varied than in Spanish though in the corpus of traditional information leaflets the opposite is apparent. They include non-verbal elements and punc- tuation marks, whereas Spanish leaflets demonstrate a greater degree of soberness and formality, and icons are rarely used. In this regard, Spanish leaflets seem to follow a stricter layout as a technical sheetand thus headings are less varied than in English.

The register in English leaflets is also lower than in Spanish ones, since plenty of contractions, phrasal verbs or even exclamations may be found. Moreover, patient information leaflets have been subject to differ- ent laws and rules to determine their labelling, content, advertising, etc. Relevance of formal and Cultural Variations in Text Genres… 2.

Informed Consents Informed consents are formal written medical-legal documents of the doctor—patient communication that match a clinical relationship based how to write a leaflet format the ethics of autonomy Ramos The relevance of this common kind of text in doctor—patient communication has generated great inter- est among scholars, who have published several papers with different ap- proaches i.

Brown et al. Some differences have been observed between English and Spanish informed consents. They relate not only to the kind of content included which is determined by the legislation of each country and the rules of each hospital or the vocabulary used as happened with medical bro- chures, Latin terms are frequent in Spanish but not in Englishbut are also related to the format as happened with patient information leaflets and in how to write a leaflet format to medical brochures, informed consents in English and in Spanish are very formal, but Spanish informed consents are how to write a leaflet format more serious.

Moreover, differences regarding some linguistic aspects have also been recorded: for example, the greater length of Spanish sentences, the structuring of information into paragraphs in English and sentences in Spanish or the frequent use of verbs at the beginning of sentences what is a define in maths Eng- lish against the prevalence of nouns in Spanish. Despite all the work done in this field, further contributions related to informed consents seem necessary since the translating activity of these texts challenges the translator, who must deal with different disciplines, registers, specialised terminology and possible macrostructure adapta- tions, such as the type and content of elements included.

An exhaustive contrastive analysis of the languages involved in the translation may thus be of great help for the translator. These changes may be due to linguistic or cul- tural conventions, or even the economic restrictions which correlation coefficient represents a weak positive linear relationship a particular country.

In order to detect these similarities and differences, contras- tive analyses may be useful firbas ; Johansson

IB Spanish text types: el folleto informativo

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