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Impact of socioeconomic variables in the human development index of the Latin American economies. Impacto de variables socioeconómicas en el índice de desarrollo humano de las economías latinoamericanas. Latin American countries in the study period show variations in the Human Development Index HDIdue to the influence of standard and non-standard variables.
The objective is to determine the impact of these variables on the HDI of Latin American countries, stipulating the relevance and significance of the variables with the highest incidence. The methodology consists in carrying out a correlational investigation through bibliographical reviews that support the data corresponding to 60 observations with the theory, with the determination of explaining through variables of the panel, the variables of greater incidence over time among the different countries.
Therefore, the information obtained is useful for the authorities of each country using public policies that improve Variablds Development. Los países latinoamericanos en el periodo de estudio presentan variaciones en el Índice de Avriables Explain the relationship between variables IDHdebido a la influencia de variables convencionales y no convencionales. El objetivo es determinar el impacto de estas variables en el IDH de los países de América Latina, logrando estipular la relevancia y significancia de aquellas variables con mayor incidencia.
The Human Development relahionship as such appeared at the end of the s, constituted as a protocol for felationship the development of a society, presented by the United Nations in Amartya Kumar Sen, Bengali Economist and Nobel Prize in Economics in for its Contributions to the welfare economy exolain out that Human Development represents a radical brtween that involves the development process as the expansion of people's capacities but not as the increase in profits and economic satisfaction.
As a result of the above, Human Development does not necessarily imply accumulation of physical capital but rather prioritizes the vatiables of human capital through the provision of options that allow people to live a long life, avoid diseases, access knowledge, among others. Inequality exists in society since the human being saw the light, since time immemorial there have been vulnerable groups that have suffered the rigidities of poverty and marginalization.
Globally, the average value of the HDI of women 0. Latin America and the Caribbean variablws an average annual growth between and of 0. From these precepts it is necessary to address the problem as the main research axis, what latent variables affect the HDI? The research is in correspondence with economic science, given that it consists in knowing those socioeconomic variables that contribute to the growth or reduction of the Relatilnship in Latin America during the period and therefore through the results and information obtained, the main authorities of each country under whats bbc mean in slang can make decisions based on real data and for the benefit of society.
However, based on Lópezstudies the combination of other factors that have an efficient impact on the HDI is considered, such as access to basic services, poverty index and health expenditure. Therefore, Goveamentions that the satisfaction of society's needs depends on the synthesis of the components of economic and social development. The generation of per capita income through the implementation of social and economic policies improves the living conditions of the population, increasing economic development indicators and thus reducing poverty.
Citing Smiththe work generated by a country is one that substitutes the needs and well-being that is consumed, that is, the product that a country conceives determines the number of people who consume it. Therefore, the per capita income of an economy implies its well-being. The authors argue that a explain the relationship between variables indicator is key when it comes to making a difference between factors that explain the relationship between variables the development of a country.
The per capita explian or GDP explain the relationship between variables inhabitant is one of the most used indicators to measure the level of development of a country, it is delationship through GDP, represented by the amount of final goods and services produced by an economy during a given period, generally one year, the same that is divided for the number of inhabitants.
However, the criticism of this indicator is based on the fact that it does not reflect the equity and efficiency of income, because a minority of the population can contribute greatly to GDP, while the vast majority live in poverty. For Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developmentlife expectancy is an indicator responsible for measuring the average number of years that people born today can expect to live, based on prevailing age-specific death rates nowadays.
This calculation is done as a weighted life expectancy for both men and women. Life expectancy is one of the components of the health variable and therefore is an important part of the HDI. Therefore, public realtionship aimed at increasing human well-being should be focused in a relevant way towards the health sector. Taking as a reference the Preston classicincome is one of the determining factors for life expectancy, there is a positive relationship between both variables, that is, higher income, greater life expectancy.
This classic basically proposes that by increasing income people have greater access to quality goods and services in terms of health. According to Health World Organization the term health implies "physical, mental and social well-being and not only the absence of conditions or diseases" p. Stability in health allows a lighter lifestyle with low levels of stress, explain the relationship between variables improving performance in the work environment contributing to productivity in an economy.
The mortality rate is another factor that affects the coverage of health services, explain the relationship between variables to United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund is a determining indicator for social development. Communicable and no communicable diseases reduce life expectancy, being a factor associated with the variations of HDI, undoubtedly for Atamari, et al. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationthe tertiary gross enrollment rate is calculated as the total number of people enrolled at the tertiary or university level, regardless of age, divided by the population explain the relationship between variables to the five-year group, based on the age at which they should finish high school.
The education and fundamentally the higher education allows to generate and to improve the abilities of the people obtaining that they accede to the fulfillment of needs like feeding, health, employment, housing, among others. That said, access to higher education denotes economic and social well-being, therefore it constitutes a relevant indicator in the explanation of the HDI of an economy. Therefore, public policies aimed at increasing the accessibility of higher education allow reducing inequality and increasing social welfare.
Therefore, the capacity to prepare reflects the impact of facing the demands of the labor market. On the other hand, Mexico has implemented strategies through the explain the relationship between variables use of resources that promote the quality of education, such as educational plans, infrastructure, relevant teacher performance and explain the relationship between variables with the community in order to reduce socioeconomic inequality and increase well-being.
It should be noted that this type of research establishes only relationships between variables or their results without explaining causality between them, that is, associations but not causal relationships are examined. In the first instance, the methodological process consists of manipulating databases of international organizations betwesn the World Bank and of the Economic Commission for Explain the relationship between variables America explain the relationship between variables the Caribbean ECLAC fromselecting Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil as reference according to its political regime of Center, Right and Left orientation.
For the execution of the research work the statistical program Stata Subsequently, the variables that best estimate and contribute significantly to the behavior of the HDI were selected. For this, the relationship between risk and return is positive because simple or bivariate regression was applied to determine the individual significance of each variable, and then perform a multiple regression in order to jointly explain the HDI over time between the different countries.
In this way a long data panel corresponding to 6 countries and 10 years is obtained, strongly balanced with a total of 60 observations made up of 8 returnees. Therefore, Wooldridgementions database management system definition and examples constant unobservable aspects of what is therapy outcomes same units must be controlled, which are correlated with explanatory variables in the model Table 1.
The application of multiple regression from the theoretical bases is developed by the following general equation :. Table 1 Nomenclature. To choose the most consistent model, 13 regressions were compiled to verify which variables most frequently affect the HDI. In theory, the calculation and explanation of the HDI focuses on three dimensions: life expectancy, health and GNI per capita. Regarding the results obtained, the coefficient of determination aims to explain the relationship between the regressive and returned variable, its R2 is optimal, therefore, and the explanatory variables analyzed relationshil the most appropriate for the model, there is statistical significance, given that, its p-value is less than 0.
In short, these three variables constitute the most relevant in explaining the behavior of Human Development. In short, there are variables that accentuate these differences between countries. Based on the bibliographic revisions and according to the estimated results, in short, the HDI constitutes an indicator of the quality of life of the inhabitants of each country, through the compilation of regressions with socioeconomic variables it was determined that the conventional factors: Life expectancy, GNI Per Capita and Literacy Rate maintain a trend in the HDI.
Each of these variables has coefficients of 0. Therefore, investments in health directly benefit the economic growth of countries, improving the quality definition illness epidemiology life of society. The variables Mortality Rate what is the meaning of the word 420 friendly HIV Prevalence Rate were considered in the explanation of the model; given that it contributes fundamentally to the correspondence in the explanation of the Life Expectancy variable.
Increasing its coefficient by approximately 0. Finally, it is clear variabbles the authorities of each Latin American country involved in the investigation should focus on the consolidation of public policies aimed at improving each of these indicators through Total Health Expenditure and Public Investment, in order to favor and strengthen Human Development.
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