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The concept of resilience is increasingly invoked in academic explain the meaning of affective learning and among professional bodies, business institutions, human rights and civil society organizations, and a wide range of policy sectors. Since the endorsement of Horizonstrengthening individual and community resilience has been prioritized by the World Health Organization to promote a global and sustainable approach to both individual and community health and well-being 1.
Resilience plays a prominent role in effectively all the Sustainable Development Goals 2. Sustainable development requires sustainable societies, which in turn entail both individual and community health and well-being. The consequences of failing to address adolescent mental health conditions extend into adulthood, impairing both physical and mental health and limiting opportunities to lead fulfilling adult lives Despite the concurrence of multiple factors that determine mental health outcomes, one of the crucial aspects for individual and community health and well-being is resilience, which is related to the processes and skills that help in overcoming negative events, threats, hazards and traumas It is also instrumental in avoiding burnout; a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress which is often reported among students as well as teachers and educators 10despite most studies focusing on health care professionals The sample consisted of a cohort of children born in under particularly difficult or even traumatic environmental conditions.
Nevertheless, about one third of children that grew up in those difficult and traumatic situations became adults considered by others to be competent, self-confident, autonomous and effective. From the educational point of view, resilience is both a skill and a biological trait see below for a discussion on this issue that boils down to perseverance and grit, the emotional characteristics of successful learning, and it is essential for keeping learners engaged in learning.
Perseverance can be defined as persisting in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success. People who persevere face obstacles as hurdles to be overcome on the way to growing up. It is an attitude that equates challenges to opportunities that make you explain the meaning of affective learning and stronger once you have dealt what is schema refinement in dbms them.
In other words, it equates to growth mindset. Psychological relationships between these three characteristics i. In this brief, the importance of resilience for learning as well as for lifelong learning will be examined, in relation to well-being. First, it will address definitions of resilience and the discussion about whether it is a personality trait or a skill. Then, neural correlates of resilience will be examined in relation to adversity management.
Finally, prospects for cultivating resilience during childhood and adolescence will be advanced. The term resilience is used to describe and explain the complexities of individual and group responses to traumatic and challenging situations In the s, the word resilient was used to describe being resistant or not susceptible to something. Sinceresilience has also been widely used in ecology 19 to describe the capacity of an ecosystem to respond and adapt to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and recovering explain the meaning of affective learning.
The American Psychological Association defines resilience at the individual level as the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy or threat. It also includes coping with significant stress explain the meaning of affective learning by problematic and toxic relationships in the family or workplace and the capacity to bounce back from difficult experiences Similarly, community resilience is defined as the ability of social groups to withstand and recover from unfavourable circumstances.
In the literature, community resilience is usually associated with social relationships and the activation of local resources that enable communities to cope with, counteract and anticipate unhealthy stressors 21, The latter may include social and economic explain the meaning of affective learning such as poverty, natural disasters, isolation and other unfavourable circumstances. Community assets such as solidarity and mutual trust among members, strong social networks and other salutogenic resources have been proved to be factors that both protect and promote individual health and well-being While these definitions are broadly useful, they do not reflect the global and complex nature of resilience, as has been discussed by several authors 23, Other, simpler definitions that may be useful to capture the complexity of resilience include, a stable trajectory of healthy functioning after a highly adverse event 25,26a process of harnessing resources to sustain well-being 27 and a dynamic process allowing for positive adaptation in a context of significant adversity 28among others However, some individuals, including children and young people, are more resilient than others.
In this regard, it has been reported that a positive personality, including dispositional optimism, life satisfaction and a generalized self-efficacy belief, is a predictor of high resilience in adolescents From an educational perspective, those individuals with higher resilience are more likely to thrive in their learning, as they will have more facilities to overcome difficulties and learn from mistakes, and less likely to suffer from social or psychological health problems This term has been adopted because it encompasses more than the notion of physical and mental health, referring to the interconnected nature of social, relational, mental, physical and material health, as well as the experience explain the meaning of affective learning engagement in life and in learning Some studies have investigated what adolescents regard as influencing their overall sense of well-being A range of factors are perceived by adolescents to be important, including physical and emotional health and safety, confidence in their own capabilities, pleasure and joy in learning, satisfying relationships, inner strength and a sense of interconnection, and overall satisfaction with life.
It is worth noting that, although individual resilience may be related to social resilience, there is not a straight link between them. An individual can be highly resilient in a non-resilient social environment, and vice versa. Coming back to resilience, it has been considered important to specify whether it is being viewed as a trait, a process, or an outcome, and it is often tempting to take a binary approach is long distance relationship good idea considering whether resilience is present or absent However, in reality, resilience is more likely to exist on a continuum that may be present to differing degrees across multiple domains of life 35 as a trait, a process and an outcome, and importantly, interlaced with everyday life Several reviews have explored explain the meaning of affective learning in various contexts, for example, in the workplace 37in the mental health setting 38 or around family From the educational point of view, one crucial question is whether resilience is a personality trait or a skill, that is, if it is unchangeable or can be potentiated through educational intervention and if so, also by therapeutic intervention Several studies suggest that resilience is partially a trait related to the 5 factors of the Big Five personality traits model In this regard, it has been negatively related to neuroticism and positively related to openness, conscientiousness and extraversion 42as well as to agreeableness 43, Genetic, neuroendocrine and immune factors have also been related to the resilience explain the meaning of affective learning individuals It is worth noting that just because something is heritable does not necessarily mean that it is not changeable.
Heritability, as a statistic, captures the proportion of variability associated with genetic variation among individuals in a population Thus, resilience and emotion-oriented coping may be considered, at least in part, biological traits based on genetic background. It is worth noting that there are sex differences in resilience, which are probably due to the interaction of sex hormones with other genetic networks This fact, that highlights the biological nature of resilience, should not be interpreted as meaning that males tend to be more resilient than females, but that, on average, environmental factors tend to be more influential in females than in males.
It has been argued that self-acceptance is one of the most important aspects that may explain the meaning of affective learning for these differences However, other results suggest that resilience is also a dynamic skill. There are five main arguments: 1 resilience skills may degrade following accumulated trauma, which why is effect size important called the sensitization mechanism 49 ; 2 some individuals are better able to support accumulated traumatic episodes, suggesting an improvement in resilience skills, known as the immunization mechanism 25,50 see below for educational proposals to what does playboy bunny mean in slang resilience, based on this mechanism ; 3 resilience seems to be reinforced by explain the meaning of affective learning therapeutic approaches 51,52 ; 4 empirical evidence shows neuronal plasticity, for example, thickness in the right temporal lobe, after some traumatic events such as the Indian Ocean tsunami 53and 5 some empirical evidence shows effects of the family environment on the resilience of offspring through environmental transmission However, it is worth noting that in most cases the direction of causality may not be established with certainty Summarizing, despite resilience being partially a trait, it is also a skill that can be taught and enhanced through educational interventions.
For explain the meaning of affective learning, a high degree of maternal care and protection may be resilience-enhancing during infancy but may interfere with individuation during adolescence or young adulthood In addition, response to stress and trauma takes place in the context of interactions with other human beings, available resources, specific cultures and religions, organizations, communities, and societies 60,61meaning that each of these contexts may cause the same stressor to be experienced with more or less resilience in each person and in each particular environmental situation, depending also on their developmental stage.
Thus, works on resilience made in a specific cultural or socioeconomic context may not be directly extrapolatable to other contexts, although general strategies to enhance resilience focus on the same global issues see discussion below. Moreover, there are vast individual differences in appraisals of stressors, which makes that the same thing that is extremely stressful to one person might be a minor nuisance to another.
It is also important to note that one of the major difficulties lies in the quantification explain the meaning of affective learning resilience. It is not the aim of this brief to analyse the pros and cons of these scales but to highlight that this variety of measurement methods parallels the imprecision of the theoretical framework of this issue, which does not detract from the importance of resilience for the well-being and personal and educational progress of students.
Since the concept of resilience comes from studies of stress and trauma, all these scales describe the cognitive and behavioural strategies that individuals adopt to cope with trauma and stress. Similarly, when looking at the various measures of resilience, in most cases they evaluate the ability of individuals to build social networks, to lean on their family and friends, to find the capacity to plan their future, to have a better perception of themselves, to accept what has happened to them and to restructure their lives following a traumatic event, as these factors are considered central to resilient behaviours One of the main consequences of adversity, negative events and trauma, is stress.
Besides time pressures and daily hassles at school, at home and in other contexts as well as in the workplace for adultsstressors have also been described in relation to economic insecurity, poor health, dangerous and noisy neighbourhoods, interpersonal conflicts such as bullying, etcetera. The fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival, preparing the body to either stay and deal with the threat or to run away to safety.
When stressors are acute, or a traumatic situation has been experienced, they may lead to chronic stress and may also cause post-traumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of a tragic event Neural circuitries within the brain appraise which experiences are stressful, taking into account experiences and emotional states, and direct behavioural and physiological responses accordingly Concomitantly, the brain changes under acute and chronic stress due to neural plasticity, and directs many systems of the body—neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—that are involved in the short- and long-term consequences of the daily experiences of living This is not, however, and out-of-control process, as relatively simply techniques like reappraisal may contribute to redirecting responses.
The word, stress, may be somewhat ambiguous. One way to reduce ambiguity is by classifying stress how does scarcity affect decision making three categories, namely good stress, tolerable stress and toxic stress Even adverse outcomes can function as growth experiences for individuals with healthy self-esteem and good impulse control and decision-making capability, which are part of the so-called executive functions.
The type, timing, intensity and duration of adversity influences the dynamic nature of resilience. The most well-researched types of adversity are childhood exposure to trauma and socioeconomic adversity. Exposure to childhood trauma, either physical, sexual and emotional abuse or physical and emotional neglect, has been shown explain the meaning of affective learning reduce resilience in a representative community sample spanning the ages from mid-adolescence to elderly, and resilient coping has been associated explain the meaning of affective learning reduced distress, mediating the relationship between adversity and distress Evidence from diverse studies indicates that adversity producing resilience is commonly either threat- or deprivation-related 64, To counteract impact explain the meaning of affective learning adversity, adaptive shifts made across multiple systems to match internal functioning to external or environmental demands within both the brain and stress systems are produced, which are at the core of this adaptation One of the first early-life stresses comes from mother-baby interactions.
Animal modelling has described different kinds of mother-pup interactions generating stress and affecting database administrator in dbms, such as neonatal handling and maternal separation 74naturally occurring variations of maternal care 75 and exposure to moderate postnatal stressors 76among many others see [58] for a comprehensive review.
In humans there is convincing evidence that traumatic stress, especially during early life, is a major risk factor for the development of almost all psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder 77major depressive disorder 78 and schizophrenia Despite decades of research, it is currently not known which combinations of stressful life events are the most etiologically relevant to predict the development of psychopathology nor how stressful events interact at different periods of life, although adversity related to the maternal environment can predict alterations in social behaviour, susceptibility to drug abuse, decreased capacity for learning and memory as well as decreasing resilience during later stages of life What is important to this review, however, is that resilient people are much less prone to suffering from these conditions 80which fully justifies the importance of promoting an educational environment that fosters resilience.
Despite all the environmental influences, resilience clearly has neurobiological, cognitive-behavioural, emotion regulatory, social and physical underpinnings 34,81, However, how neurobiological and psychosocial factors influence each other to produce resilience is not fully understood. There is evidence that specific subtypes of childhood adversity mechanistically produce differential dysregulation of the hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal HPA axis and inflammatory system 83and specific genes may be independently or collectively associated with physical abuse or physical neglect 69,84, We know that it involves the cortico-limbic circuitry, which is implicated in the regulation of many processes such as stress, emotion and cognitive processing, and social behaviour.
There are several brain regions explain the meaning of affective learning are known to be involved in resilient behaviours, although relationships between them are complex and not fully understood. In brief, structural and functional brain circuitries involved in emotion, stress and behavioural regulation as well as cognitive processes and social behaviour have been identified as the most important in the development and maintenance of resilience 86,87including the anterior corpus callosum and anterior cortical regions that are involved in cognitive processes and the reappraisal of negative information 88,89the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex 90related to emotion regulation, the hippocampus 91that seems to be an important brain region for resilience, and the ventral striatum, which coordinates multiple aspects of cognition including action planning, decision making, motivation, reinforcement and reward perception, and the ventral tegmental area 92 explain the meaning of affective learning, which is also involved in the reward circuitry of the brain.
As stated above, from an educational perspective, those individuals with higher resilience are more likely to thrive in their learning, as they will have more facilities to overcome difficulties and learn from errors Resilience is also a crucial factor in individual and community health and well-being, and as a skill it can be influenced through education In this regard, a meta-analysis of 49 different trials suggest most promise for using universal resilience-focused interventions at least for short-term reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms for children and adolescents A constellation of psychosocial factors that span cognitive and behavioural domains affecting resilience in response to stress or trauma has been identified, including cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation, active coping skills and maintenance of supportive social networks which enhance well-beingStrong emotion regulation skills that at a neural level include the cortico-limbic network and parietotemporal regions, are considered to be fundamental to resilience.
In this regard, cognitive reappraisal, which can be defined as the ability to monitor and assess thoughts, and replace negative thoughts with positive ones, are associated with resilienceSimilarly, it has been suggested that executive functions such as attention, problem solving and decision making contribute to explain average velocity and average speed class 11 resilience These cognitive abilities are the most efficient means of overcoming adversity, allowing the individual to continue functioning at an optimal level.
Thus, generally speaking, pedagogical strategies intended for promoting and enhancing these cognitive and behavioural characteristics may contribute to strengthening resilience during schooling More specifically, in a healthy environment, exposure to enriching environments or positive experiences contributes to the construction of resilience.
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