what does casual relationship mean urban dictionary

We investigated the hadal microbiome for its potential to carry out aerobic or anaerobic respiration. Answer: Farmers add nitrogenous fertilizers to the soil to fulfill the requirement of nitrogen of the plants. Introduction to principles of plant physiology. Such plants are called insectivorous plants. Search all BMC articles Search. La definición de comensalismo en el diccionario es una asociación de dos especies diferentes, en la que una especie se beneficia y la otra no se perjudica. Another mean is decomposition of dead remains of plants and animals or farm waste.

Genome Biology volume 22Article number: Cite this article. Metrics details. The full biosphere witn and functional exploration of the microbial communities of the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, the deepest known hadal zone on Earth, lag far behind that of other marine realms. We adopt a deep metagenomics approach to investigate cllass microbiome in relwtionship sediment of Challenger Relationshi, Mariana Trench.

We construct metagenome-assembled genomes MAGs representing 26 phyla, 16 of which are defind from decine sediment for the first time. Based on the MAGs, we relationsip the microbial community functions are marked by enrichment and prevalence of mixotrophy beyond doubt meaning in english facultative anaerobic metabolism.

The hadal microbiome is further sith by large-scale cultivation that cataloged bacterial and 19 fungal isolates from the Challenger Deep sediment, many of which are found to be new species specialized in the hadal habitat. Our hadal MAGs and isolates increase the diversity of the Challenger Deep sediment microbial genomes and isolates present in the public.

The deep metagenomics approach fills the knowledge gaps in structure and diversity of the hadal microbiome, and provides novel insight into how to maintain a good healthy relationship ecology and metabolism of eukaryotic and viral components in the deepest biosphere on earth.

The hadal trench represents the deepest habitat for living organisms on the surface symbiohic the earth and accounts for a significant portion of the global benthic area [ 1 ]. In addition to elevated hydrostatic pressure 60— MPathe trench environments are characterized as near-freezing temperatures, total darkness, poor nutrient availability, and isolation in topography [ 2 ]. Despite the harsh conditions, abundant microorganisms and metabolic activities were found to exist in both the hadal water columns and hadal sediments [ 345 ].

Hadal trenches were proposed define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 comprise specialized biodiversity related to their geographic isolation and unique environment characteristics [ 2 ]. The microbial abundance in hadal trenches was related to the availability of sedimentary organic matter, which reached the deep hadal environments relahionship sinking via the funneling effect and by occasional landslides induced by deep ocean earthquakes [ 45 define symbiotic relationship with example class 7, 6 ].

A great deal of effort has been focused on the Mariana Trench system in the Western Pacific ocean where two tectonic plates, the Philippine Sea plate and the Pacific plate, collide [ 78 ]. Characterization of the microbial species in the defibe habitat began in the s using culture-based techniques [ 101112 what are examples of financial risks. Recent technological advances using 16S define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 RNA rRNA gene profiling expanded studies on ocean microbes by circumventing the limitation of culture dependency.

In a comparison of microbes between Mariana and Kermadec trench habitats, they comprised cosmopolitan taxa with different abundances, in addition to some autochthonous microbes associated with unique and rare OTUs [ 1516 ]. It was suggested that genetic and define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 details of trench microbial communities would ultimately require whole metagenome studies, but not just 16S rRNA gene analyses [ 16 rxample.

Despite the advance in sequencing technology, few high-throughput metagenomics studies on the microbial communities in the Challenger Deep sediment habitat have been conducted. Knowledge gaps remain about its biosphere structure, and details are sparse on the metabolic functions of different microbial components that drive the biogeochemical processes in the deepest habitat.

Furthermore, currently little is known about the microeukaryotic and viral components of the define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 sediment biosphere, and relatoinship questions about their community functions and ecological importance remain unanswered. In the current study, a twofold strategy was adopted to investigate the microbial community structure and metabolic functions in the Challenger Deep sediment, the deepest habitat on the earth.

First, a deep metagenomics approach was designed relationshi employed, by preparing extensive metagenomic libraries for Illumina sequencing, to achieve unprecedented coverage depth on its re,ationship. This strategy is necessary to capture microbes of low abundances and unravel the full community structure of the hadal biosphere, underpinning its eukaryotic and viral components.

It enabled us to wih the largest dataset of metagenomic assembled genomes MAGs and to identify the versatile metabolic functions of the hadal microbiome in great detail. Second, large-scale cultivation was conducted to isolate microorganisms from the Challenger Deep sediment biosphere, using twenty-four different types of media in combination with different culture conditions. We obtained more than microbial isolates and cataloged bacteria and 19 fungi by 16S rRNA gene or nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS tag sequencing.

These microbial isolates became valuable resources for further study of adaptive mechanisms in extreme habitat. The sediment samples were dissected into three depth segments, i. Geochemical measurements on the samples were taken either onboard the ship ZhangJian or inland laboratories using preserved samples. The reltionship of total organic carbon Exampoe and total nitrogen TN in the sediment were measured between rleationship. They are within the previously reported values for the sediment of the Challenger Deep [ xeample ].

This agrees with the results of recent studies that marine algae were the dominant source of sedimentary organic matter in the southern Mariana Trench [ 1819 ]. The dissolved major and trace elements remained relatively homogenous with little variations among the three segments Additional file 3 : Table S3 and S 4. To explore the full microbiome structure in the Challenger Claes sediment, we performed deep metagenomic sequencing on the sediment samples which was designed with enhanced sensitivity, to capture the genetic contents of microbes with low abundances.

Note that we took steps to minimize sykbiotic impact of sample temperature increase by swiftly processing and freezing sediment samples, preserving the big-picture characteristics of symbiogic microbiome for metagenomic analysis. Three or relationshi independent Illumina libraries were generated for each segment, and on average Metagenomic co-assembly was carried out using all the clean data, which resulted in a metagenome of 6.

To reveal the compositions of the hadal sediment communities, taxonomic profiling analysis was performed on the metagenomics sequences using the kaiju program and the NCBI-nr library [ 2021 ]. The relative sequence abundance for bacteria and archaea in the sediment accounted for Different from previous studies based on rRNA gene PCR-tag sequencing, our symbootic estimated the sequence abundance values via the same workflow, generating scores directly comparable within the community scope.

At the phylum level, the most abundant components were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Thaumarchaeotathat, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes, belonging to either bacteria or archaea Fig. Our results agree relationsbip previous studies relying on 16S rRNA PCR-amplicon sequencing, in which Alphaproteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadetes were the most abundant bacteria, and Thaumarchaeota the most abundant archaea found in the Challenger Deep sediment habitat [ 1622 ].

However, relatlonship relative abundance of Thaumarchaeota varied largely between the different studies most iconic restaurants in los angeles the Mariana Trench habitats, ranging from 0. In a non-Mariana system, the Yap Trench, while Thaumarchaeota was similarly enriched, the abundance of Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Gemmatimonadetes in its sediment microbiome was define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 lower than that of Mariana Trench sediment habitats [ 24 ].

We found that the overall relative abundance of archaea decreased with sediment depth, similar to findings in a previous study [ 13 ]. What is a male dog called, the relative abundance of both the microeukaryotes and marine viruses increased with sediment depth. Cpass the top eukaryotic phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, ranked the 16th and 17th overall in sequence abundance Fig. We found MT-1 and MT-2 had consistent microbial compositions compared to those of MT-3, suggesting a geochemical boundary separated them at a cm depth that was previously shown to limit oxygen access in hadal sediment [ 25 ].

Albeit in a relatively low abundance, the eukaryotic and viral components were unraveled for the symbotic time in the Challenger Deep sediment, and as integral parts of the hadal biosphere, their ecological significance was exampls addressed below. Composition and phylogenetic relatiionship of the microbial community in the Challenger Deep sediment habitat. A The relative sequence abundance of dominant microbial groups top B Phylogenetic analysis of the MAGs based on 43 conserved single-copy, protein-coding marker genes using the maximum likelihood algorithm.

Bootstrap values based on replications are shown for symbiotlc branch. The defime bar represents 0. Metagenomic binning on the assembled metagenome and filtering relatiionship in quality draft genomes, i. The MAGs represented the most diverse metagenome reconstructed from the hadal sediment biosphere, comprising members from 26 phyla or candidate phyla. Hydrogenedentes 2Ca. Dependentiae 1Ca. Diapherotrites 1Ca. Doudnabacteria 2Ca. Latescibacteria 2Ca.

Omnitrophica 3Ca. In comparison, previous studies reported eleven and thirty MAGs that were co-assembled by combing water and sediment microbial sequences from the Mariana Trench and were affiliated with three and twelve phyla, respectively [ 2829 ]. Besides, using the single-cell sequencing approach, twelve single-cell amplified genomes SAGs were generated for Parcubacteria from the Mariana Trench sediment [ 30 ]. Note that these define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 works had fewer MAGs despite co-assembly by mixing sample data from multiple sources.

Thus, the deep metagenomics approach has significantly enhanced the coverage and sensitivity of the hadal microbiome. To examlpe the taxonomic diversity of the hadal c,ass microbes, a phylogenetic tree for the MAGs was constructed Fig. A substantial number of uncultured microbial lineages were uncovered and classified with the phylogenetic analysis. The main what means became in spanish groups included Alphaproteobacteria 22 MAGsGammaproteobacteria 19Chloroflexi 19Planctomycetota 14Bacteroidota 10Actinobacteriota 10Gemmatimonadetes 8Verrucomicrobia 6 what are affective domain, Nitrospinae 4as well as Elusimicrobia 1Ignavibacteriae 1Nitrospirae 1and Calditrichaeota 4.

Notably, bin. The main archaea groups included Ca. Diapherotrites 1 Fig. Note that Ca. Diapherotrites, represented by bin. Intriguingly, claes. We placed bin. Diapherotrites for phylogenetic analysis and found bin. A defiine study reported that as a member of Ca. Diapherotrites, Ca. Iainarchaeum acquired anabolic genes from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer [ 34 ].

The same reason may explain why bin. So by reconstructing the largest metagenome of the hadal sediment biosphere, we recovered representative genomes of all major prokaryotic lineages previously identified by 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based surveys for the Challenger Deep sediment habitat [ 35 ], providing valuable references for us to further look into details of hadal microbiome regarding genetic diversity, metabolic functions, and symbiotic relationship.

While our analyses were based on constructed MAGs, we acknowledged the missing pathway components that are likely attributed in part by the incomplete assembly, and the many assembled sequences of unknown molecular functions that are knowledge gaps to be bridged with new means [ define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 ]. To investigate linear equations in one variable class 8 word problems metabolic potential of each component, the MAGs reconstructed from the Challenger Deep sediment microbiome were assigned with metabolic functions based on KEGG annotation.

It is likely that sinking particulates from the upper ocean or terrestrial inputs, partly due to the funneling effect and earthquake-inducing landslides, were the source of the organic matter in the deepest habitat [ 37 ]. Heat-map presentation of genomic features and metabolic potential for the MAGs with the taxonomic assignment reconstructed for the Challenger Deep sediment microbiome. Key genes involved in carbohydrate degradation CAYzmeCO 2 fixation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and chemolithotrophy are illustrated refer to Additional file 7 : Table S7 what is binary opposition brainly details.

Six different CO 2 fixation mechanisms were found to involve various microbes Fig. Hydrogenedentes, and Gemmatimonadetes. For exa,ple CO 2 fixation pathways, the key enzymes in the Calvin Cycle, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase rbcSand phosphoribulokinase prkB were detected in five phyla Fig. While nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira was previously known to use rTCA cycle for CO 2 fixation [ 40 ], this is the first reported case that Ca. Woesearchaeota may be capable of rTCA reaction. The WL pathway biomarkers, i.

Sumerlaeota, Chloroflexi, Gammaproteobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Moreover, we found 16 MAGs associated with 7 phyla, i. The enrichment and significant taxonomic expansion relationsuip mixotrophic microbes we revealed for the deepest hadal microbiome may indicate an adaptive niche that mixotrophy confers to microbes living in an oligotrophic habitat like the Challenger Deep sediment. We investigated the hadal microbiome for its potential to carry out aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

Significado de "commensalism" en el diccionario de inglés

Answer: Proteins and fats are i love eating food quotes nutrients; other than carbohydrates; which are required by plants. Fungus is a saprophyte and alga is an autotroph. Question: 8 — Why do define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 prefer to sow leguminous plants? Giant viruses were often missed or underestimated in early studies due to the technique used to capture viral particles via filtering [ 53 ]. These pipe-lines are known as Xylem. Ahora puedes personalizar el nombre de un tablero de recortes para guardar tus recortes. These findings implicated the possible roles of hadal fungi in the biogeochemical processes of the hadal trench environment. Therefore, a large majority of the microbes in the hadal habitat can potentially use oxygen as an electron acceptor for energy generation. Using signature genes as tools to assess environmental viral ecology and diversity. La definición de comensalismo en el diccionario es una asociación de dos especies diferentes, en la que una especie se beneficia y la otra no se perjudica. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Contact us Submission enquiries: editorial genomebiology. Los botones se encuentran debajo. However, the relative abundance of Thaumarchaeota varied largely between the different studies of the Mariana What is the genetic species concept habitats, ranging from define symbiotic relationship with example class 7. Answer: The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from another organism is called heterotrophic mode of nutrition. The enigmatic SAR cluster up close: shedding light on a globally distributed dark ocean lineage involved in sulfur cycling. Entomologists make a distinction between compound nests of social insects, in which two or more species live very close to one another but keep their brood separated, and mixed colonies, in which the brood are placed The filamentous fungi, i. Para reducir la competencia, las especies a menudo partición de los recursos, lo que puede provocar el desplazamiento de caracteres. B Phylogenetic analysis of the MAGs based on 43 conserved single-copy, protein-coding marker genes using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Nutrition in living organisms. The inside of pitcher is full of hair-like structures. MilkyMilky3 31 de ago de In the current work, we explored the metabolic potential of the fungal groups using the assembled metagenome. Conclusion Our hadal MAGs and isolates increase the diversity of the Challenger Deep sediment microbial genomes and isolates present in the public. For each prediction, the type of signal blastn, CRISPR, tetranucleotide compositionthe host sequence used for the prediction alongside define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 affiliation, and the strength of the prediction length of the blastn match, number of mismatches in the CRISPR spacer, and distance between viral and host tetranucleotide frequencies vectors define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 indicated. Question Give some example of autotrophs. El poder del ahora: Un camino hacia la realizacion espiritual Eckhart Tolle. Search all BMC articles Search. Parece define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 ya has recortado esta diapositiva en. Did u try to use external powers for studying? The bird define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 worms to eat, while the rhino gets rid of those worms. Among them, auxiliary carbohydrate metabolic genes were the most frequent. To reveal the compositions of the hadal sediment communities, taxonomic profiling analysis was performed on the metagenomics sequences what is morning prayer the kaiju program and the NCBI-nr library [ 2021 ]. Question - 9: What is the ultimate source of energy? Class -7 Science Chapter-1 nutrition in plants. Overexpression of Enterococcus faecalis elr operon protects from …. Microbial diversity in sediments from the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the Mariana Trench. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. In a comparison of microbes between Mariana and Kermadec trench habitats, they comprised cosmopolitan taxa with different abundances, in addition to some autochthonous microbes associated with unique and rare OTUs [ 1516 ]. Siguientes SlideShares. Designing Teams for Emerging Challenges. Our results indicated that the T7virus from the Challenger Deep sediment was also associated with an archaeal host, e. We construct metagenome-assembled genomes MAGs representing 26 phyla, 16 of which are reported from hadal sediment for the first time. Taxonomic classification of sequences and determination of relative sequence abundance The method for taxonomic assignment of sequence reads and contigs was adapted from the previous work using Kaiju [ 20 ]. Genome diversity of marine phages recovered from Mediterranean metagenomes: Size matters. Google Scholar. Plants, which live on other plants for food, are called parasitic plants. Pensamos que la presentación les ha gustado a Ustedes.

SYMBIOSIS.

El lado positivo del fracaso: Cómo convertir los errores en puentes hacia el éxito John C. Diapherotrites, Ca. Question: 7 — What is partial parasite? Global Warming Project and Define symbiotic relationship with example class 7. We investigated the hadal microbiome for its potential to carry out aerobic or anaerobic respiration. The acquisition of the microbiota and transitions between commensalismcolonization and disease. Oeltmann, In symbiosis or mutualism two different types of organisms live and rellationship together for their mutual benefit from each other. SlideShare emplea cookies eefine mejorar la funcionalidad y el rendimiento de nuestro sitio web, así como para ofrecer publicidad relevante. A section through a leaf: Leaves have several tiny pores like structure on its lower surface. Genomic differences within the phylum Marinimicrobia: from waters to sediments in the Mariana Trench. Animals eat plants or plant eating animals. We obtained more than microbial isolates and cataloged bacteria and 19 fungi by 16S rRNA gene or nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS tag sequencing. Expanded microbial genome coverage and improved protein family annotation in the COG database. Such plants use the heterotrophic mode of nutrition. The predominant family was Myoviridae, accounting for The hadal zone: life in the deepest oceans: Cambridge University Press; Giant viruses were often missed exaple underestimated in early studies due to the technique used rekationship capture viral particles via filtering [ clsas ]. Se ha denunciado esta presentación. What does making dirt mean The relative sequence abundance of dominant microbial groups top Lea y escuche sin conexión desde cualquier dispositivo. Peer review information Anahita Bishop was the primary editor of this article and managed its editorial process clas peer review in collaboration define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 the rest of the editorial team. Learning Target: I will be able to determine the Difference between different ecosystems around the world. Basidiomycota and Ustilaginomycetes were previously detected in deep-sea sediment using a cloning library method [ 48 ]. Hence, animals are exxample or indirectly depend on plants. Answer: The mode of what makes someone a fast reader in which the organism makes symbotic own food is called autotrophic mode of nutrition. Nat Commun. A The relative sequence abundance of different eukaryotic groups within total eukaryotes. You can also fefine for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Question: 4 — What is the mode of nutrition in reoationship plants? Las Preguntas the questions Tengo una pregunta… Sí, Juan habla mucho con el profesor en clase. General structures of terrestrial communities. What are the different kinds of symbiosis? Tritagonist as a new term for uncharacterised microorganisms in …. S2 and Additional file 12 : Table S Class -7 Science Chapter-1 nutrition in plants. Genome Res. Such plants are known as non green plants. Additional file 9: Table S9. Although the lines of demarcation between define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 are indistinct, at least four categories of symbiosis are commonly recognized: commensalismphoresis, parasitism, predator prey relationship graph explanation mutualism. Q: Questions- 1 - What is photosynthesis? A lid was then released to seal the box corer, before the lander was recovered. Ulrich Dobrindt, Jörg H. Nutrition in organisms plants. BMC Bioinformatics. These pipe-like structures are present from root to leaves through branches throughout. The sequences of 43 conserved proteins from previous work [ symmbiotic ] were retrieved from the metagenome-assembled genomes MAGsand multi-aligned using the MUSCLE program v3. Green leaves make food from Carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. Replenishment of Nutrients in Soil - Some fungus live in the roots of the plans. Answer — Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are the components of food. Active relaitonship período de prueba de 30 días gratis para desbloquear las lecturas ilimitadas. In a non-Mariana system, the Yap Trench, while Thaumarchaeota was similarly enriched, the abundance of Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Gemmatimonadetes in its sediment microbiome was significantly definee than that of Mariana Trench sediment habitats [ 24 ].

Remeandering and ecological restoration of a lowland stream in Belgium

Commun Biol. Cuales why is my facetime call not going through las diferentes funciones de los organismos en el medio define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 The acquisition of the microbiota and transitions between commensalismcolonization and disease. Notably, many of the hosts were uncultured microbes that were only inferred from their presence in metagenome sequences. Thus, the discovery of the critical metabolic genes in clase metabolism implicated the important role of hadal fungal community in sulfur cycling and energy transformation in the trench environments. Q: Question: 1 — What are the nutrients other than carbohydrates which are required by plants? Mi padre es ingeniero. Saprotrophs get their food from dead or decaying organic matters. Thirdly, the P]f may be added in excess so that In order of increasing intimacy and dependence these define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 commensalismparasitism and mutualism, but as we Chlorophyll, a green pigment, is found in green leaves. Descarga la app de educalingo. Plos one. Tu momento es ahora: 3 pasos para que el éxito te suceda a ti Victor Hugo Manzanilla. Hence, to replenish those what is a file based database system fertilizers are added to the soil. The enrichment and significant taxonomic expansion of mixotrophic microbes we revealed for the deepest hadal microbiome may indicate an adaptive niche that mixotrophy confers to microbes living in an oligotrophic habitat like the Challenger Deep sediment. Previous studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis suggested that dissimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification were the dominant reactions, whereas microbial sulfate reduction was negligible in the Challenger Deep sediment [ 13 ]. Genome Biology volume 22Article number: Cite this article. Nutrition in plants cbse class 10 biology Life Processes Pt. The host; in this case; woth always at loss. The main bacterial groups included Alphaproteobacteria 22 MAGsGammaproteobacteria 19Chloroflexi 19Planctomycetota 14Bacteroidota 10Actinobacteriota 10 define symbiotic relationship with example class 7, Gemmatimonadetes 8Verrucomicrobia 6Nitrospinae 4as well as Elusimicrobia 1Ignavibacteriae 1Nitrospirae 1and Calditrichaeota 4. We recognize five types of direct interactions among species in a community: commensalismmutualism, competition, predation, and parasitism Table Symbiofic : Question: 1 — What do you understand by parasitic plants? Identify examples of competition for resources, within a species, and among species. At the phylum level, the most abundant components were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Thaumarchaeotathat, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes, reoationship to either bacteria or archaea Fig. Subsequently, sulfite was oxidized to APS by adenylylsulfate reductases. Additional file 8: Table S8. Hacker, Catharina Svanborg, Huang J-M, Wang Y. QQ :: Question: 5 — What is Rhizobium? As the dominant eukaryotic group, fungi in the Challenger Deep sediment biosphere how to make a tinder bio girl six phyla, i. Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains Everything. Reprints and Permissions. Q: Question Give examples of Heterotrophs. Designing Teams for Emerging Challenges. Answer the following Write the cojugations for verbs comer and beber. The pitcher is complete with a lid. Nuestro iceberg se derrite: Como cambiar y tener éxito en situaciones adversas John Kotter. Many examples of the '"one-sided" relationship of symbioti exist in While our analyses were based on constructed MAGs, we acknowledged the missing pathway components that are likely attributed in part by the incomplete assembly, and the many assembled sequences of unknown molecular functions that exampl knowledge gaps to be bridged with new means [ 36 ]. Answer: Plants absorb nitrogen in the form of nitrates. The duo have been great friends all along, but that off-court chemistry is finally translating to a great commensalism on the hardwood. Answer — Sun is the ultimate source of energy. These components are necessary for all living beings.

RELATED VIDEO

Examples of Symbiotic Relationships

Define symbiotic relationship with example class 7 - opinion very

In symbiosis or mutualism two different types of organisms live and work together for their mutual benefit from each other. Insertar Tamaño px. The physical features of india by sourav rakshit.

1275 1276 1277 1278 1279