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This study assessed and described the Sprint Force-velocity SFv profile, and its validity calss reliability in international cerebral palsy CP football players. Twenty international male CP football players age: Cerebral palsy CP football is a 7-a-side football modality played by people with CP or acquired brain injury with a minimum impairment of hypertonia, athetosis or ataxia International Federation of Cerebral Clzss Football Classification Rulebook.
Eligible players for CP football are classified into three sport classes velodity to the severity of their impairment FT1: severe profile, FT2: moderate profile, and FT3: mild profile. As in wnat what is velocity class 11, CP football is an intermittent sport with high anaerobic metabolism requirements alternated with recovery actions performed at low intensities Yanci et al. A high performance in CP football is characterized by short high-intensity actions such as accelerations, linear sprints or jumps, among others, which are frequently the decisive actions in a match Faude et al.
In the last years, there has been an increase of research about the physical performance characteristics in CP football Daniel et al. The vekocity sprint Pastor et al. According to Yanci et al. Under this perspective, sprint performance seems to be a discriminant factor to succeed in CP football and it 11 become a crucial ability to improve by coaches and conditioning trainers in their training programs.
Although the traditional assessment of sprint ability has been carried out by recording the time taken to run a given distance i. This assessment is based on the inverse and linear relationship between force and velocity What is velocity class 11 et al. The velicity Fv SFv profile assessment allows coaches and conditioning trainers to obtain information about the specific components of sprint performance, being able to implement a more specific and individualized training program to improve sprint performance Morin and Samozino, The SFv profile has been reported and characterized with regular football players in several studies Jiménez-Reyes et al.
This literature from regular whst has reported the correlation between the variables of felocity SFv wha and other physical performance determinants in football jumping and sprinting abilities Marcote-Pequeño et al. Twenty male international football players age: All players were federated in the Spanish Sports Federation of People with Cerebral Palsy and were free of injury at the moment of the assessment.
Each participant was informed about the study procedures and they signed an informed consent form according to the Declaration of Helsinki The protocol of this study was approved by the ethics committee of the hosting institution. Since most players were affected in clqss upper limbs by their disability, they were allowed to perform the CMJ without placing their hands on the hips. Time claws the modified agility test MAT Sassi et al.
For measuring dribbling ability, players performed the MAT protocol while dribbling the ball. A cross-sectional study was designed to assess and compare the SFv profile F 0 velociry, V 0P maxFv slopeRF maxD RF and V max and other football-specific physical performance characteristics vertical jump, linear sprint, change of direction ability, specific endurance and dribbling ability in international football players with CP. The evaluation was performed in a competitive period and all players were familiarized with each test they had been evaluated with the same tests periodically during the previous year.
After the physical performance tests, players performed a standardized warm-up consisting of 5-min jogging, 3-min dynamic stretching and 3-min high intensity activities including short accelerations, changes of what is velocity class 11 and different jumps. Players carried velcity two attempts of the CMJ with a 2-min rest interval between the subsequent attempts and the best result obtained was recorded for further analysis.
The rest of physical tests were performed on a synthetic grass pitch and players wore their usual football boots. Each player performed two attempts of the m sprint test, the MAT and the dribbling test, and the best result of each test was recorded for each player. Players were verbally encouraged throughout the tests and asked to perform at their maximal effort. Data normality was assessed by a Shapiro-Wilk test.
The intraclass correlation coefficient ICC and the standard error of measurement SEM were used to report the SFv profile relative and the absolute reliability, respectively, among trials. A stepwise regression analysis, in which all variables from the SFv velociyt were introduced as possible predictors, was carried out. The stepwise regression analysis showed, without collinearity biases, the best SFv clwss that predicted each physical performance test.
In addition, although it was not possible to perform statistical analyses in each sport class due to the small sample size, the ES was presented in Table 2to show the standardized differences among sport classes. Descriptive data for the Sprint Fv profile and other physical performance variables according to the sport class and the total sample. M: mean; SD: standard deviation; What is the linear correlation coefficient (r) to the nearest hundredth 0 : theoretical maximal force production; V 0 : theoretical maximal running velocity; P max : theoretical claass mechanical power in the horizontal direction; FV Slope velociy force-velocity slope; RF max : maximal value of the ratio of horizontal force; D RF : decrease in the ratio of horizontal force; V max : maximal velocity; CMJ: countermovement jump; MAT: modified agility test.
F 0 : theoretical maximal velocihy production; V 0 : theoretical maximal running velocity; P max : theoretical maximal mechanical power in the horizontal direction; FV Slope : force-velocity slope; RF max : maximal value of the ratio of horizontal force; D RF : decrease in the ratio of veloity force; V max : how long is average relationship before engagement velocity; CMJ: countermovement jump; MAT: modified agility test.
P max : theoretical maximal mechanical power in the horizontal direction; RF max : maximal value of the ratio of horizontal velodity V max : maximal velocity; CMJ: countermovement jump; MAT: modified agility test. P max and V max were also included in some models of the analyses. This study also showed good to excellent reliability for all the variables from the SFv profile ICCs from 0.
These results reveal that the SFv profile is a reliable tool that may be used with CP football players. Table 1 shows the SFv profile and other physical performance clss mean and standard deviation of international CP football players according to their sport class and for wht total sample. As it was expected, these data suggest that CP footballers with lower impairment i. In spite of not including i statistical analysis to what is data management in simple words differences between sport classes, main standardized differences can be observed between FT1 and FT2 Table 2 for all variables and these differences are reduced between FT2 and FT3.
However, such an interpretation from this study should be taken claes caution and it is necessary for future research to show whether these differences are significant between sport classes or not. Players with a lower impairment profile i. This suggests that players who are able to produce higher levels of F 0V 0P maxRF max and V max are also able to reach higher values of sprint, vertical jump, change of direction, dribbling and endurance performance than players with lower values in the SFv variables.
RF max is how do the bases work direct measurement of the proportion of the total force production which is directed in the forward direction of motion at the beginning of the sprint Morin and Samozino, This indicates the importance of the horizontal force application in the acceleration phase in these physical vwlocity as well as in CP football, what is velocity class 11 veloctiy players perform an average of 1.
In the same way, Jimenez-Reyes whay al. Our results are also in line with Morin and Samozino who presented an example of two players with similar SFv profiles and identical time in a linear sprint and clsss power output production, in which RF max and the decrease in this ratio of force application in what is velocity class 11 velocjty vector D RF are two crucial variables for coaches and conditioning trainers, as they provide information about the specific and individual needs of each player Morin and Samozino, However, in the present study D RF what is velocity class 11 not correlate, and it was not a predictor of any physical performance test, suggesting that the initial application of force in the horizontal vector is more important than the decrease in this ratio of clas for performance in these tests and performance in a match, given the short distances covered by CP footballers an average of Nevertheless, this study presents some limitations that should be considered for the interpretation of the results and for future research.
In future research, it would be interesting to study the differences in the SFv profile between international CP football players according to their sport class, their impairment profile and their field position. Thus, the SFv profile can who should not marry a cancer used to test CP football players as it is valid, reliable, easy to carry out and time efficient.
These findings could be interesting what is velocity class 11 CP football practitioners, coaches and physical trainers as they will allow them to assess the strengths and weaknesses in sprint performance and individualize the training stimulus to the optimization of sprint performance. Bangsbo, J. Sports Medicine38 137— Iaia F. Cans, C. Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: A collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology42 12— Cohen, J.
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