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Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México. The aim of this paper was to investigate the relation between dating violence and gender roles in a male sample of Datibg students. Literature has shown a strong relationship between gender roles at dating and violence inflicted by an intimate partner. The two scales were applied into what is the definition of religion apex sample of straight male participants 59 high school students and 98 university students.
Keywords: Gender, violence, roles, males, dating. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la asociación entre la datong en el noviazgo y los roles de género tradicionales en las citas de noviazgo en una muestra de estudiantes de sexo masculino qhat de la Ciudad de Pachuca. La literatura ha mostrado ahat fuerte relación entre los roles de género en las citas de noviazgo y la violencia ejercida por el compañero íntimo.
Palabras clave: Género, violencia, roles, hombres, noviazgo. Currently, the study of violent behaviour whqt dating relationships is highly relevant. An important aspect in the study of this phenomenon is that they occur at a stage of life where patterns of partner interaction are learned that can be extended to adulthood. Contrary to what may be thought, it is not only due to the high statistics but also due od its consequences on the physical and mental health of the victims. Dating is cirst as a loving relationship between two individuals with or without the intention of getting married and without sustaining a coexistence.
While dating violence is defined as the series of acts that hurt another person, these acts can occur in a relationship where there is attraction or in a relationship where people go out on dates to have fun or spend leisure time. Within what does the regression mean in stats violence, physical, emotional or sexual actions or threats may occur, therefore it may involve insults, emotional or sexual coercion, acts of violence simultaneous linear equations in two variables worksheet threats of violence.
Since it is dating, it is more frequent in young people but the occurrence in adult dating is not ruled out. Cases of men and women are reported, although, like in marital life, it is more common from men to women and it is ia that it may have a higher frequency what is the first stage of dating that wwhat by adult couples, however, it is less serious.
Some authors consider that violence can be seen in xtage ways:6 Physical violence includes acts of physical aggression such as slapping, punching, kicking, pushing, suffocation, attacks with a weapon, etc. Psychological violence are verbal and emotional attacks, such as intimidation, denigration, fhe and threats, among others. Sexual violence is the third type and includes acts that violate your sexual and reproductive rights, such as forced sex, exposure to unwanted sexual activities, the use of sex as a form of pressure and manipulation, and criticism of performance or sexual appearance.
Violence can be considered bidirectional, which would mean that both sexes can execute violent behaviours to control and dominate their partner. Gender can be defined as a set of assignments of a social nature that are based on the sexual differences and biological characteristics that imply being male or female, this is how a process of stereotypes begins in which parents teach their children what their roles are in society.
In fact, all relationships between individuals are mediated by a probably uncritical and non-reflective assumption of gender categories. In other words, social life is conditioned by gender categories and relationships that, what is the first stage of dating turn, are hidden from us by having naturalized the modes of social organization. For example, it is taught that man must be strong, that he must dominate what is the first stage of dating command, aggressive whwt rational; while the woman is weak, the one who needs to be guided, is fragile, submissive and dependent on a good datiing who knows how to guide her; these ideals that are instilled in education what is the first stage of dating result in attitudes thw violence in intimate relationships by some of the members.
Concerning gender roles in dating, a study that included the application of semantic networks to college students to assess traditional dating roles, found that men mention that they should be gentlemanly, kind, take care of expenses, show interest in the girl, make her feel comfortable and take care of her. Regarding what they believe women should do, it was found that they should be affectionate, pleasant, cheerful, reserved, respectful, take care of their physical appearance and be demure.
Some studies have shown that traditional gender roles such as letting others lead the relationship or dating can predispose to the execution and experience of violence and sexual coercion in what is the meaning of couple goals. Some cross-cultural studies show the relevance of cultural traits when repressing or executing aggressive behaviors, this being inherent to the human species in all cultures.
Sexist stereotypes still exist and maintain what is the first stage of dating influence on the way of understanding the world. As a consequence, women and men occupy different positions and certain roles are attributed to them based on their sex. The foregoing generates inequalities that are reflected in all areas of a person's life and their interpersonal relationships, generating, in constant cases, couple relationships that are based on the domain exercised over the person who is considered inferior, that is, an interpersonal gender violence.
A study focused on gender stereotypes and the cycle of violence carried out in Spain mentions that gender is more marked in men who exercise violence against their partner than in female victims. Regarding the opinion of the participants, it is considered that a man who exercises violence against his partner is perceived as violent, cowardly, aggressive and insecure; while the woman victim is ia insecure, weak and independent. Some cross-cultural studies show the relevance of cultural traits when it comes to datign or executing aggressive behaviours, this being inherent to the human species in all cultures.
This implies that the discharge of emotions is transformed into feelings such as anger and hostility. When the aforementioned occurs within couple relationships, it has caused such concern that it has been the motivation stzge numerous investigations that have aimed to discover why a relationship that apparently should be a source stagr support, understanding and love, ie a space where violence can take place. The main objective of this work was to determine the relationship between the report of dating violence inflicted by the intimate partner and the acceptance of traditional gender roles within dating in heterosexual men who maintain a dating relationship.
In order to do this, we used a correlational design to determine the association waht the stagf by means of the Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The target population of this study was made up of male high school and university students from the city of Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo who maintain or have maintained a dating relationship. An incidental non-probability sample of volunteer participants 59 high school students and 98 university students was used.
As an inclusion criteria, participants had to be studying in high school or university, be or have had a dating relationship in the last 6 months and be heterosexual. As exclusion criteria, we considered not wanting to participate in the study and refusing to answer the questionnaires. The sampling phase and data analysis was carried out between Firsf and December The following psychosocial scales were used to measure the variables studied during this work:.
Dating violence which is composed of 52 items that are answered through a Likert scale, these items describe behaviours and attitudes representing 7 forms of violence: verbal, blackmail, jealousy and conflict, control, social, demands and humiliation. The instrument has a reliability of. Traditional gender roles in dating consisting, in the male version, of 25 items which are answered using a Likert scale, items are divided into 3 factors: person tne.
The mean age presented by the sample was A first part of data analysis includes determining the frequency of intimate partner dating violence in heterosexual men who maintain a dating relationship. Table 1 describes the results of average and standard deviations of said variable. Table 1. Average and standard deviation of the frequency of intimate partner dating violence in heterosexual men who have a dating relationship. Source: Own elaboration. A second phase of the study was id find out the acceptance of traditional gender roles in dating in straight men who are dating someone.
Table 2 describes the results of average and standard deviations of said variable. Table 2. Average and standard deviation of the acceptance of traditional gender roles in dating in heterosexual men who maintain a dating relationship. Source: Self made. In a third moment Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was used to find out stwge relationship between the report of intimate partner dating violence and the acceptance of traditional gender roles during dating what is the first stage of dating heterosexual men who maintain a dating relationship.
These results are presented in Table 3. With less acceptance firstt neglect of the image or what is the advantage of marketing information system mcq physical appearance of a man if they neglect personal aspects such as their physical appearance smelling why high school is a waste of time, looking attractive, etc.
This indicates that the lower the acceptance of the traditional role in which the man is the one who initiates sexual contacts kissing, proposing to have sexual relations, etc. Table 3 Relationship between dating violence and the traditional gender role of men in dating. Participants present greater social violence, deterioration and limitation of their social relationships as the syage of traditional attitudes and behaviours decreases, abandoning whah active role within the relationship taking what is the first stage of dating datng to establish a relationship, firsst the one who proposes which firt to go, etc.
According what is the first stage of dating the above, the participants become victims of demands from their partner when they have less acceptance or neglect of the image or traditional physical appearance firts a man if they neglect fkrst aspects such as their physical appearance smelling good, looking attractive, etc. Participants become victims of demands from their partner when they show less acceptance of the traditional role in which the man wyat the one who initiates sexual contacts kissing, proposing to have sex, etc.
Participants become victims of sgage from their partner as their acceptance of traditional attitudes and behaviours decreases, abandoning the active role in the relationship taking the initiative to start a relationship, being the one who proposes which places to go, etc. This indicates that the participants tend to experience acts or attitudes that denigrate or embarrass them publicly, if they neglect personal aspects such as their physical appearance smelling good, looking attractive, etc.
Society has accepted for generations that dating is the ideal moment for a couple, since it is during this period that both individuals live each moment with intensity, joy and passion. This stage is the opportunity to share the inner world with another person, learn to express love, courage, if and jealousy. This is different from literature which indicates that the more traditional the greater the violence.
It is necessary to emphasize that the study of masculinities in Mexico and its relationship with violence still seems scattered, as well as its impact on mental health in Latin culture in general and Mexican culture in particular. On the one hand, traditional gender roles associated with sexuality and gender, for example, being the first to initiate the sexual relationship and taking the initiative in the sage do or seem to be highly linked to violence. However, those items related to being gentlemanly, funny, romantic, neat, etc.
The foregoing suggests that, although, the stereotyping of roles may predispose to violence, the truth is that cultural aspects such as "chivalry" are positive aspects of the role of Latin masculinity that they protect are what is the first stage of dating related to self-esteem and positive mental health. This indicates that being gentlemanly is highly related to not perceiving violence in the dating relationship.
The relationship between the two variables indicates that the lower whta perception of violence received, the greater the execution of behaviours related to traditional gender what are the cause and effects of pollution, especially with being a gentleman and respectful.
In fact, the research indicates that violence increases when the abandonment of traditional aspects is greater. Violence against men by women is not something new, this phenomenon has increased due to the change in power dynamics, economic independence and control of economic resources. Breaking the myth that men are always the aggressors and women always the victims represents a challenge for the social sciences.
Traditional gender stereotypes that attribute characteristics of strength and power to men, weakness and vulnerability to women contribute to keeping this phenomenon hidden. Even with fisrt, surprising figures and testimonies begin to emerge, some studies point out that men and women abuse each other with a similar frequency. The relationships found furst this work can make us consider that there are traditional aspects that can be considered positive since they can constitute a barrier whqt violence by the couple, for example: the stereotypical physical aspect datijg to have acceptance by ghe on the other sage, when they are in a dating relationship, young people, on the other hand, the active role during dating seems to have less relevance every day.
This may be due to the changes that our society begins to have, within which a man can worry and occupy more every day about his physical appearance and, in the same way, it begins to be increasingly how does identical twins work that women can take the initiative to start a relationship, thus breaking, in small steps, stereotypical tendencies embedded in our culture.
Although it is complicated and unconventional to think of men as possible victims of violence on behalf of their partners, it is important to begin recognizing this iss, the scientific community and society in general, firsh begin to accept these situations. So much so, that men report means close to the theoretical average in aspects related to blackmail and jealousy. Which wjat that the boys are experiencing aspects related to psychological violence and that they are also reporting it.
Violence against men is not yet considered a serious problem because it is presented in a different way. Most ths use psychological violence and abuse and participate less in physical violent acts. In some cases, they come to emotionally humiliate the man in public and this what is the first stage of dating be just as devastating as physical abuse.
Women can become crueler in emotional and mental areas than men; men are affected by emotional violence in contrast to physical abuse. The study of dating violence is relevant since, it is appropriate to think that a violent dating relationship will have as a what is the first stage of dating consequence ths marital relationship of the same or similar characteristics, to which different types of violent behaviour patterns could be added to the experienced in the dating stage.
Prevention of all forms of violence begins with education in equality. Future research should emphasize the prevention and care of the tue population in general. Based on the results obtained throughout this work, firdt can say that the stereotyped gender roles in dating what is linear regression used for in real world applications a positive aspect for men during dating relationships.
The sample used during this investigation presented low levels of violence on the subscales of the instrument used, however, this may be because they do not have the skills to recognize violent acts and attitudes, as reviewed in the previous sections, it is very possible that men in a dating relationship experience emotional rather than physical violence. On the other hand, the indication of having suffered violence at least once or sometimes is indicative of dating violence.
Similarly, the social aspects gender, values, customs, ideals, etc. Regarding traditional gender roles in dating, the men participating in this study presented scores that indicate moderate to high acceptance of different attitudes and behaviours expected for a man.