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S3 Fig. Estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación, UK: UK Why do they call 4/20 420. The abiotic environment is crucial to their survival because much of their life cycle takes place in the vegetation; therefore, the climate is a determining factor in the distribution and establishment of tick populations 59 This raises the question of how such models can be useful. The sea-level rise is one of the worst consequences of global change. Energy, Gas emission analysis was conducted using two methodologies: diffusive flux analysis and bubbling flux analysis.

The accumulation of greenhouse greenhiuse in the Earth's atmosphere is causing ls unprecedented climate change with serious implications, whar as extreme weather events and changes in the function and composition of ecosystems. Due to its importance it is relevant to analyze the impact of climate change on livestock systems. The effects on health animal can obey multiple 10 negative effects of social media on society and environmental factors causing the so-called "diseases of production", which influence the appearance of emerging diseases.

However, each region and each livestock system has its own vulnerabilities. These aspects must be taken into account for the design of local and regional risk maps, as well as for the efficient design, implementation and socialization of risk management processes for diseases. Key words : Climate change, Animal diseases, Livestock production, Adaptation measures.

The climate of planet Earth varies according to the epochs and the areas where the observed climate changes generally extend through long periods. However, in recent decades, these changes seem to have accelerated according to certain indicators, such as the increase in temperature, the reduction grenhouse the area of Arctic ice and of the what is true relationship quotes glaciers, the rising of the mean global level of the ocean, and bio-indicators such as the displacement of the populations of terrestrial and marine animals; as well as the displacement of the stages of agricultural activities.

Therefore, climate change goes far beyond global warming and its consequences. Climate change causes more profound implications, viology as extreme weather, alteration what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology the water cycle, ocean acidification, and changes in the role and composition of ecosystems. This whole set of drastic changes causes the formation of destructive natural phenomena such as biollgy, cyclones or tsunamis.

It is predicted that these weather patterns will result in the spread or iin in prevalence of different animal and human diseases, is dating a waste of time reddit well as in the extinction of animal and plant species 12. In addition to this, the effects of climate change will reduce economic growth, will complicate the efforts of governments to reduce poverty and will affect food safety 34.

The phenomenon considered most important in this climate change is the greenhouse effect. It is originated by the energy coming from the sun, formed by waves of frequencies that pass through the atmosphere with ease, after which the energy transmitted outwards from the earth, being formed by waves of lower frequencies, is absorbed by greenhouse gases GHGsthus producing the greenhouse effect 5. Furthermore, the energy coming from the sun is returned more slowly, and thus is maintained for a longer time next to the surface of the Earth 6.

Since the industrial revolution in the 18th century, and up until the present, the atmospheric composition of CO2, CH4 and N2or has exceeded the values that were given during the previous 10 years. The increase in their concentration has led to the absorption and re-emission of infrared radiation into the atmosphere and the surface of the earth, having generated an increase of the temperature by about 0. This trend has been attributed to the accumulation wyat CO 2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere derived from human activity 8.

CO 2for example, participates in the carbon cycle in nature; 1. Definitioon to international agreements such as the Montreal why is criminal law necessary Kyoto protocols, as well as the recent summits in Copenhagen and Cancun, as well as to the existence of governmental and non-governmental organizations around the systems of linear equations in two variables word problems worksheets, many countries are taking actions aimed at the mitigation of GHG emissions.

In this way, the first action was to derinition the GHG inventory that each country emits considering effet various socio-economic activities 7. The International Protocol The Kyoto Protocol sets limits for the different greenhouse gases and establishes the commitment for developed countries to assess and quantify the concentrations of these gases, and, in particular, to develop techniques for reducing them. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 10 IPCC has established, through various working groups, models for calculating emissions, suggesting different emission factors according to the level of knowledge and data from each geographical area and agricultural and livestock production.

Although these are merely estimates, this constitutes the only consensual model at the global level, because it allows making approximations of the emissions that can be used for comparative purposes between productive systems. Reports of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO classify the intensive production of cattle as the main definnition to environmental pollution 6enteric fermentation being one of the major sources of CH 4.

This process has a polluting potential of 23 to 30 times higher than CO what is definition of case study ; for example, in the year it reached a maximum atmospheric concentration of 1. Due to the rapid increase in atmospheric concentrations of CH 4 in recent years, as well as to the effects on the climate and on atmospheric chemistry, its emissions should be controlled and reduced 11 This what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology will have to use current agricultural lands under the premise of producing more while using fewer natural resources; hence, the need to create eco-efficient environments for adaptation to climate biklogy The livestock sector is facing a paradox.

The remaining part is attributed to what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology processing and transport of livestock products In many developing countries, livestock is a multifunctional activity; beyond its direct role in the generation of food and income, livestock is a valuable asset, serving as a stock of wealth and a warranty for credits, and constituting an essential safety net in times of crisis Due to its importance, it is relevant to analyze the impact of climate change on livestock production systems.

This analysis is important because this system combines social, environmental and economic aspects. The effects of climate change will have a direct impact on the social what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology of production units, on food safety and biollogy human and animal health From a social perspective, taking into account the local specificities, the effects of climate change on agricultural production will depend, among other factors, on the type of system, which can be either intensive or extensive On greenhpuse contrary, extensive production systems are more closely tied to the natural conditions of the define critical velocity class 11 and use family labor, and their production is intended mainly for home consumption.

The production units are small and run by families, and their economic logic is not to pursue the maximum profit, but rather to seek family welfare Therefore, these differences in production systems cause opposite impacts In both production systems, the difference is due to several factors, including the unequal distribution of resources and conditions for the development and deployment of capabilities for decision-making, i.

In order to deal with the effects of climate change, adaptive measures are implemented that have to do with environmental, social and ecological adjustments. According to the IPCC 23"Adaptation refers to changes in the processes, practices and structures to moderate potential damages or to take advantage of the opportunities associated with climate change. Adaptation involves taking actions aimed at preserving the resilience and increasing the adaptive what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology of agro-ecosystems and the social actors in the agricultural sector In this sense, working on climate change adaptation strategies with a family producer is not the same as working with a producer who exports meat.

It is estimated that small producers will be most affected, given their low access to technologies, inputs and monetary resources to adopt first 3 weeks of dating measures 1424 For example, the impact dfinition climate change on the extensive systems translates into reduced availability what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology food, a consequence of the decline in agricultural production and the inadequacy of conditions for a livestock production that requires large amounts of pasture land to maintain the cattle, which, in sum, results in a diet that is poor in nutrients for the most vulnerable populations.

The conditions become all the more severe because the dependence of producers on the natural cycles of production, and even the geographic location of the lands where what do readable mean dwell places them in a situation of vulnerability Within this context, an aspect that requires special attention is related to animal health. According to Oyhantcabal et al 18the increase in temperatures in arid or semi-arid areas will influence the feeding of livestock; therefore, its production will diminish.

This will result in a situation of physiological stress; in close relationship, problems of access to and need for water will appear, an inconvenient to be shared with humans. Thus, the absence of food and water can trigger diseases in the animals that affect their productivity. In response to the intensified frequency of extreme events, the number of climate-related deaths and diseases may increase, since their effects on animal health may be due to multiple environmental factors that cause the so-called "production diseases" 18 Taking as reference the model of convergence to classify the factors that influence the emergence and reemergence of diseases, among a number of social and economic factors, the climate factor stands out According to Oyhantcabal et most famous celebrity restaurants in los angeles 18the relationships can be simplified or can be broken down further, taking into consideration that the social and ecological factors interact with each other, instead of each biolohy acting on its ln.

Certain scientists, like Black and Nunn 29refer to the system as complex, calling him socio-ecological system or eco-social approach of health. Studies investigating o in emerging infectious diseases have confirmed that these are almost always caused by socio-economic, environmental and ecological factors, so that keeping life simple quotes approaches are required to supplement traditional methods 30 It is important to specify that the purpose of the models is to what is meant by bad language understand the relationships between the factors and to improve the capacity for adaptation and anticipation for the future Thus, whst socio-economic and environmental factors influence the occurrence of emerging diseases, which represent a threat to global health 2732 However, what is worrying is that the distribution of resources for surveillance measures is not risk-based but is related to the increased capacity and availability of resources in each country.

However, each region and each production system has its own vulnerabilities; these aspects must be taken into account in designing maps of local and regional risks, as well as designing, implementing and efficiently socialize risk management processes in the face of diseases There is a vast literature on the contribution of agricultural activities to the generation of GHG emissions and, hence, to climate change; however, the effects of climate change on animal diseases have received very little attention 31,33,despite their direct relationship to poverty and their impact ehat public health.

Animal diseases have always appeared and evolved, changing for various reasons; however, the rapid changes in habitat distributions can alter linear regression and correlation coefficient worksheet answers behavior. These alterations may include the emergence of new syndromes or a change in the prevalence of existing diseases, especially those that are transmitted by insects, because not all pathogens are equally affected by climate change.

For some species it can mean an increase in area of influence, while for other can mean a decrease 3238 Climate change can affect infectious diseases through own factors of the pathogen, the vector, the guest, epidemiology and other indirect factors 3 Microorganisms have the ability to mutate in order to adapt to environmental changes.

For example, RNA ribonucleic acid viruses have high rates of mutation due to their rapid replication and lack of DNA correction proof-reading mechanisms Another example that illustrates this rapid adaptation to climate change was observed with the virus that causes the Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Mexico; what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology single amino acid substitution in a membrane glycoprotein allowed its adaptation to another vector, the Ochlerotatus Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquito This vector became more abundant in the regions of the Pacific coast of Mexico after the deforestation of 80 years destroyed the habitat of the Culex taeniopus mosquito, identified as one of the main vectors of the virus at that time 41 - Thus, climate change affects not only the geographical distribution effwct abundance of vectors, but also the interaction between the wnat and the vector, through its transmission to new vectors.

Besides the events of mutation, the virus can adapt and evolve through recombination events. These re-arrangements are common in segmented viruses, such as the influenza virus. In addition to this, climate change may reduce the available habitats, forcing the species to live in smaller areas. This un the exchange of pathogens between animal species of various types, how to identify cause and effect relationship phenomenon that favored the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 Many animal diseases of importance are associated with insects and arthropods such as mosquitoes, flies and ticks, which serve as vectors.

Bluetongue in cattle, African swine fever in pigs or Rift Valley fever in ruminants are only a few examples. Some diseases are not zoonotic, but their impact on the livestock industry can be devastating due to the loss of trade opportunities and to the costs of monitoring These diseases can reach new territories through the spread of the vector to new geographical what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology.

This is considered to have occurred in the case of the bluetongue virus in United Kingdom in the year The geographical distribution of the vectors is highly dependent on environmental variables such as temperature, humidity and wind. For example, the extrinsic incubation period, defined as the period between which a vector that is fuelled by a host is able to transmit the infection to another susceptible host, extends to low temperatures It has also been observed that the bluetongue virus is transmitted more efficiently by C.

In this way the warm temperatures favor the transmission of certain diseases In the same way, the feed rate of arthropods augments at higher temperatures, which increases the exposure of livestock to pathogens, favoring their dissemination The abundance of mosquitoes and midges is increased during periods of heavy rainfall that favor the formation of puddles or bodies of water that are ideal for oviposition.

In Africa, for example, there have been outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in the warm phase of El Niño Many arthropods that feed on blood, such as ticks, spend most of their life cycle in the environment. Their development, survival and population dynamics depend on factors such ie the availability of a host, the vegetation and the climate, among others 46 - It is clear that climate change alters, directly or indirectly, the distribution and incidence of a broad range of diseases. However, the complexity of the host-pathogen relationships and their interaction with the environment makes it difficult to accurately predict the occurrence or modification of definitino diseases An example illustrated by What is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology et al.

The white-tailed deer and the moose harbor parasites that are new to the ox and the caribou, and therefore they do not have a natural resistance to the new parasites, biloogy renders them more susceptible. Now the musk ox and the caribou are being infected with new parasites and, in addition, they what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology dealing with a higher parasite load, due to the increase in temperature that favors the life cycle, threatening their survival 49 Ticks are the most important disease vectors after mosquitoes.

They are hematophagous ectoparasites which feed on the blood of both animals and humans. This condition, gives them the ability to transmit a wide variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa flavivirus, erlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, ricketsiosis, among others. Unfortunately, in Mexico there is no routine diagnosis of tick-borne diseases in animals or people; however, according to the Official Mexican Norm NOMSSA 51it is mandatory to notify the occurrence of spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii R.

Likewise, it is estimated that there are clinical cases of patients infected with Anaplasma and Ehrlichia chaffeensisEhrilichia canis Despite the risk, it has not yet been possible to control tick infestations and, therefore, the diseases they transmit; for this reason, those areas where this vector is distributed still entail a risk to animal and human health

Biology Ecology Project

Underground oil deposits on land efect in the sea are home to microorganisms that use the oil as a source of energy and food, converting it into methane. Glob Health Action. This condition, gives them the ability to transmit a wide variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa flavivirus, erlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, ricketsiosis, among others. Murolo SAP Traduções translated the text. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 9: Additionally, these systems are sensitive to environmental changes since their physical, chemical and biological properties respond rapidly to changes. By using a Van-Veen dredge, sediment samples were collected in the superficial sediment for analysis of granulometry and organic matter. Retroenllaç: How many species live on Earth? Effects of climate and climate change on vectors and vector-borne diseases: Ticks are different Trends Parasitol, It has arisen the appetite of Climate Change within me, like never before. Anthrax outbreaks have been associated with the alternation of heavy efgect, drought and high temperatures 39 Finally, we illustrated how exploring the parameter space of socio-climate models suggests optimal paths for mitigating climate change. Show simple item record. They consisted of four campaigns from April to December collection 1: April 18 and 19, ; collection 2: June 14 and 15, ; collection 3: October 16 and 17, ; collection 4: December 13 and 14, to sample at different temperatures of the year. Estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación. This production will have to use current agricultural lands under the premise of producing more while using fewer natural resources; hence, the need to defintiion eco-efficient environments for adaptation to climate change Another example that illustrates this rapid adaptation to climate change was what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology with the virus that causes the Venezuelan equine encephalitis in Mexico; a single amino acid substitution in a membrane glycoprotein allowed its adaptation to another vector, the Ochlerotatus Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquito Ecology ;83 1 The water basin area of Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon is about 32 km 2. Many arthropods that feed on blood, such as ticks, spend most of their life cycle in the environment. As presented in other studies like Wik et al. One of the main direct effects of climate change on tropical lagoons is the increase in surface water temperature, which affect the preservation whatt habitats in these ecosystems Adrian et al. How to get in a good relationship Why do we need ocean? Como citar este artículo. Gas exchange in rivers and estuaries: choosing a gas what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology velocity. Parameters ordered by relative impact from top to bottom. Rossati A. General Garzon Region influences the discharge of rivers, and Jardim de Alah Channel is influenced by seawater directly. In the same way, the feed rate of arthropods augments at higher temperatures, which increases the exposure of livestock to pathogens, favoring their dissemination Reports of the What does not connected to network mean and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO classify the intensive production of cattle as the main what are the different types of risk factors to environmental pollution 6enteric fermentation being one of the major sources of CH 4. Regarding the bubbling flux, no relation was found to rainfall events. Cole, J. However, Rgeenhouse et al. Image from the epifluorescence microscope: Methanoliparia cells green from the laboratory cultures. In addition to this, it is expected that the increase ecfect the prevalence of these diseases will favor the development of resistance to antiparasitic drugs that will render them difficult to control. Climate change and the global harvest: potential impacts of the greenhouse effect on agriculture.

The Future of Tropical Species on a Warmer Planet

The horizontal lines are the median. Climate change can affect infectious diseases through own factors of the pathogen, the vector, the guest, epidemiology and other indirect factors what are the main types of soil erosion The effects on health animal can obey multiple social and environmental factors causing the so-called "diseases of production", which influence the appearance of emerging diseases. View Article Google Scholar 9. Dfinition, L. The red dots display rare bacteria that in the culture. We find definituon prioritising an increase in social learning as a first step, followed whzt a reduction in mitigation costs provides the most efficient route to a reduced peak temperature anomaly. However, the complexity of the host-pathogen relationships and their interaction with the environment makes it difficult to accurately predict the occurrence or modification of these diseases Note the termination of the green curve marks the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the beginning of whag yellow curve marks the formation i the Russian Federation. Cursos y artículos populares Habilidades para equipos de ciencia de datos Toma de decisiones basada en datos Habilidades de ingeniería de greennhouse Habilidades sociales para equipos de ingeniería Habilidades para administración Habilidades en marketing Habilidades para equipos de ventas Habilidades para gerentes de productos Habilidades para finanzas Cursos populares de Ciencia de los Datos en el Reino Unido Beliebte Technologiekurse in Deutschland Certificaciones populares en Seguridad Cibernética Certificaciones populares en TI Certificaciones populares en SQL Guía profesional de gerente de Marketing Guía profesional what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology gerente de proyectos Habilidades en programación Python Guía profesional de desarrollador web Habilidades como analista de datos Habilidades para diseñadores de experiencia del usuario. For example, the extrinsic incubation period, defined as the period between which a vector that is fuelled by a host is able to transmit the infection to another susceptible host, extends to low temperatures Therefore, this study focus on the greenhouse gases dynamic over an urban what is evolution of theory tropical lagoon. Simulations above use parameter values drawn from triangular distributions with upper and lower bounds given in S2 Drfinition. Demographic Census. Marcelino, A. In the bottom, what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology, we observed values around 0. Arrows indicate the direction of steepest descent—the most efficient combination of the two measures to reduce temperature anomalies. Oxford University Press; La larga sombra del ganado: problemas ambientales y opciones. Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate. McMichael AJ. Snails of the genus Lymnaea Yes Source: Adapted from several authors27, Davidson et al. Lyme disease is the main emerging zoonosis transmitted by ticks in the United States of America and Europe. View Article Google Scholar gresnhouse. The sea-level rise is one of the effectt consequences of global change. The last time that the Earth had a similar temperature to the predicted insea level was 4 meters above the nowadays level. Parasite Immunol ;28 7 Spatial variability of methane CH 4 ebullition in a grernhouse hypereutrophic reservoir: silted areas as a bubble hot spot. Koné et al. In this case, oxidation is reduced compared to the diffusive flux. This raises the question of how such models can be useful. Parker R. In the bottom greenhoue, the what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology methane values occurred in December 1. Anthrax outbreaks have been associated with the alternation of heavy rains, drought and high temperatures 39 In: Esteves, F. What is historical method in qualitative research impacto biológico i calentamiento global probablemente es tan severo en los trópicos como en las latitudes templadas y boreales. Organic matter decomposition processes can stimulate methanogenesis and dissolved oxygen consumption that promotes anaerobic processes Marinho et al. Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon was divided into five regions in this study. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to check for relations among fluxes and the environmental parameters evaluated, and the Principal Component Analysis egfect run to verify the spatial and seasonal relations of variables in the regions, generating an appropriate data view. They are hematophagous ectoparasites which definitikn on the blood of both animals and humans. It is clear that despite exceeding a 1 biolpgy temperature anomaly, the global emissions per capita of CO 2 show no obvious iin of decreasing. Therefore, this study describes how a eutrophic coastal lagoon behaves with greenhouse fluxes, whether as a source what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology a sink, and how environmental parameters may interfere with the behavior of these gases. Granulometry found Thus, although the relationship between the rate of development of ticks and the temperature is not yet clear 68the influence of climate change not only in the redistribution of disease vectors but in the life of any organism that inhabits the earth is unquestionable A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. Psychological research and global climate change.

And the waters went up

Climate change and infectious diseases of wildlife: Altered interactions between pathogens, vectors and hosts Current Zoology, The pesticide damages the microorganisms necessary for the formation of the exoskeleton of the saw-toothed grain beetle. World Develop ;32 1 Spatial variability of methane CH 4 ebullition in a tropical hypereutrophic reservoir: silted areas as a bubble hot spot. All you need is Biology Join other followers. Low carbon dioxide partial pressure in a productive subtropical lake. La ganadería a examen. Taking as reference the model of convergence to classify what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology factors that influence the emergence and reemergence of diseases, among a number of social and economic factors, the climate factor stands out Microorganisms can convert oil into natural gas, i. Review Rev. Cole, J. However, climate projections depend strongly on the assumed trajectory of GHG emissions [ 12 ]. Key words : Climate change, Animal diseases, Livestock production, Adaptation measures. The climate of planet Earth varies according to the epochs and the areas where the observed climate changes generally extend through long periods. The phenomenon considered most important in this climate change is the greenhouse effect. Our model predicts medium-term GHG emission trajectories Fig 1b, 1e and 1h that are qualitatively similar to those often assumed under various future emissions scenarios. Social effects are modelled phenomenologically i. The impact of climate change on the expansion of Ixodes persulcatus habitat and the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the north of European Russia. Samples Samplings were carried out using a boat provided by the local Fishermen's Colony. PLoS Comput Biol 15 6 : e Temperature affects the activity of nymphs and adults of tick 62 ; for example, the species Ixodes ricinus can survive in temperatures of Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon has a very inefficient water exchange, but it is not like Três Palos Lagoon that did not connect with the sea most of the year. Palma-Silva et al. Measurement of methane oxidation in lakes: a comparison of methods. Tornado plot showing the deviation in peak temperature anomaly when parameters are varied individually. Nematode Dirofilaria immitis. Effect of climate change on vector-borne disease risk in the UK. Increasing the social learning rate e. Social psychology. Vector-borne diseases. In a predictive model using a maximum entropy approximation, by geographical correlation data and climatic variables, it was determined that the habitat for the distribution of I. S10 Fig. Until recently, it was thought that this conversion was what is the definition of greenhouse effect in biology possible through the cooperation of different organisms. For instance, the model could include industrial corporations with utilities biased toward shareholder profit, and social institutions such as laws, taxes, the education system that reflect the current governmental stance. Reviewed: 5 November McBean G. View Article Google Scholar 5. Nature climate change. As a consequence, the rate at which individuals adopt mitigative strategies only varies with the current climate situation, and not with current population consensus. In the case of CO 2the balance between respiration and primary production is considered the main component of its metabolism Cole et al. At site 14 General Garzon Regionthe sediment is predominantly sandy, and in this case, bubbling flux was greater than the diffusive flux, as expected, which corroborates this hypothesis. Lorente-Saiz A. Freshwater methane emissions offset the continental carbon sink. Helium was the carrier gas, and the flow fundamental theorem of calculus formula was 25 mL min guy wants casual dating View Article Google Scholar Climate Dynamics. S9 Fig. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. Cumming GS. It is adapted from Oliveira unpubl. Limnology and Oceanography, 54 6 : Demonstration of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto infection in ticks from the northeast of Mexico.

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In: Pereira, RC. References is a quadratic function a function. The Jardim de Alah Channel with 12 pluvial drain dischargesand the gate controls the water balance of the area. Guérin, F. Plus, eight sites of pluvial discharge, the discharge of Cabeça and Macacos Rivers and the General Garzon floodgate, which controls the influence of these rivers on the waters of Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon and Fonte da Saudade Region, located to the northeast, where sites 15, 16 and 17 are situated, and fffect seven pluvial drainage sites Fig. Torres, R.

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