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J Adv Nurs ; PDF Pack. The World Bank. Pardinas, F. Vela, P. The goal of any science is to acquire knowledge and the choice of the most appropriate method that allows us to know reality is a fundamental point in the process. Lee este artículo en Español. The qualitative option is not opposed to the quantitative one, nevertheless we must not forget that the reliability, the validity, what is quantitative methods pdf, flexibility, degree of inference between a population changes from one method to another.

Quantitative methods, qualitative methods or combination of research: an approach in the social sciences. Roberto Rendón-Medel 2. Eileen Salinas-Cruz 1. Francisca del Rosario de la Cruz-Morales 3. Dora Ma. Sangerman-Jarquín 4. Carretera Ocozocoautla-Cintalapa km 3, Ocozocoautla, Chiapas. Chapingo, Estado de México. Carretera Los Reyes-Texcoco km The eternal discussion of which method to use when initiating an investigation has not come to an end, since hard or exact sciences expose that scientific rigor must take a series of sequenced steps to accepting or not accepting a hypothesis, the philosophical sciences favor the use of tools and techniques based on ethnography to try to understand the what is quantitative methods pdf and the object of what is quantitative methods pdf meyhods, because of this, this essay aims to help young researchers to be more clear in selecting their method of evaluation in one investigation, without being exclusive one method of the other, but rather complementary.

Which are listed below: a conception of the idea to investigate; b raise the research problem; c developing the theoretical framework; d hypothesizing; d selection of the appropriate method of investigation; f sample selection; g data collection; h data analysis; i presentation of results; and j new research ideas. The goal of any science is to acquire knowledge and the choice of the most appropriate method that allows us to know reality is a quantihative point in the process.

Regarding research methods these are closely related to the data collection instruments, among social scientists there is a trade-off between using quantitative or qualitative methods; however, in a research paper quantifiable issue does not have to be opposed to qualitative as Orozco quantitative and qualitative methods are not supported from the quantitatie point of view -and epistemology: teaching the fundamentals and methods of scientific knowledge- Larousse Dictionary, ; however, they can be complementary, and that there is the aspiration among social scientists have an integrated quantitative and qualitative research.

The absolute opposition between quantitative quanitative qualitative methods, is a false argument, in front of it is supported by a complementary, but in larger terms of equality, since the testing and verification to prove the validity of the investigations should be proposed by researchers themselves, not being reserved nor what quantitative or qualitative Pedone, Within all analyzes of quantitative methods we can find a characteristic based on positivism as an epistemological source, which is the emphasis on the precision of measurement procedures.

Another predominant feature of quantitative methods is the subjective and intersubjective selection of indicators through concepts and variables of certain elements of processes, facts, structures and people. These elements do not form in their entirety, processes or people, hence the debate arises between quantitativists who never see an integrated phenomenon, but always sets of particles of the phenomena related to observation, and qualitative that cannot whaat the generated elements that share the phenomena.

Taylor and Bogdan mention that the qualitative methodology unlike quantitative is more than a set of techniques to collect data, they indicated at least 10 technical characteristics and qualitative methods compared to quantitative:. In qualitative methodology the researcher sees the stage and people in a holistic perspective, people, scenes or groups are not reduced quantirative variables, but wht as a whole.

Qualitative investigators are sensitive to the effects that they cause on people who are the subject of their study. They conclude that the methods serve the investigator, never is the researcher the slave of a procedure or technique. Cookpointed out that there are two methods for collecting data: qualitative and quantitative. The more obvious distinction to be drawn between the two is that quantitative methods produce numerical data and qualitative result information or descriptions of situations, events, people, interactions, and observed behaviors, direct quotations from people and extracts or passages documents, correspondence, records and case studies.

Quantitative research is that which collect and analyze quantitative data, meanwhile quantitative which prevents quantification; quantiative, records are made through narrative, participant ;df and unstructured interviews. Qualitative methods for data collection play a very important role in impact assessment quantitaitve they provide valuable information to understand the processes behind the results.

According to the World Bank can be used to improve the quality of the qunatitative quantitative assessments as they help to generate assessment hypotheses, strengthen the design of questionnaires for surveys, and broaden or clarify the findings of the quantitative evaluation. Meanwhile Grawitz posed as a question whether the fact can the social sciences take advantage of the instrument of quantitative methods?

In this regard, it did not find a conclusive answer, since certain sectors of some social sciences lend themselves better than others to a quantification. In the social sciences Grawitz indicated that there is an error in the passage from the qualitative to the quantitative, since the second method depends on the data collected primarily by the first, which are collected and processed. Examples of the above are the interviews, group observations, document analysis among others. For this author, quantification is nothing more than a second stage in the collection of qualitative data.

Qualitative studies are intensive research on a very small scale, in which the daily experience of people and their communities in different times and spaces is explored. In these works, the position of the investigator, their experiences, perspectives and prejudices are significant aspects in the development and results what is quantitative methods pdf research Philip, Reichardt and Cook indicated that qualitative research offers the opportunity to focus on finding answers to questions that focus on the social experience, while quantitative research is characterized by a global conception based in logical positivism with a particularity is oriented to the objective results.

These authors mention that qualitative methods are not only quantitative questions and answer only to conclude by saying that there is no fundamental clash methids the goals and capabilities of the methods or qualitative or quantitative data. Similarly, Calero concluded that the use of either method depends on the moment that the researcher is interested in privileging generation of theory or transformation of reality and topic that is chosen to investigate. The quantitative studies were becoming more obsolete than ever generalizations were made from smaller samples.

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative and quantitative methods. In both methods requires intentionality and systematize information, the use of instruments in the quantitative are those that guide the research and in the qualitative are the processes that guide. In quantitative methods data can be accumulated and compared to have common data, while qualitative methods can cover the entire spectrum of a population whose distribution is considered normal and are also personalized.

In general terms the validity refers to the degree to which an instrument actually measures the variable to be measured. Validity is a concept which can be different types of evidence: content validity which refers to the degree to which an instrument reflects a specific content domain which is measured, the validity criterion establishes the validity of an instrument of measurement by comparing it with some external criterion and the validity of the construct refers to the degree to which a measurement is consistently related to other measurements according to hypotheses derived theoretically and that concern the concepts or construct.

Quantitative methods are stronger in external validity as a representative sample of the population make what is quantitative methods pdf of said population from a sample with a confidence and precision defined, thus limiting the methods qualitative is the difficulty to generalize, on the other hand quantitative research with the hypothesis tests not only eliminates the role of chance discard or reject a hypothesis, but to quantify the importance of a phenomenon by measuring the relative risk reduction Calero, Regarding reliability in social research using quantitative methods, so that the results are more reliable the required sample size should be increased, therefore the sample size is directly proportional to the desired reliability Snedecor and Cochran On the other hand, the same authors indicate that a higher sample size will be required at higher precision; the sample size is directly what is quantitative methods pdf to whwt accuracy but inversely proportional to the value of accuracy; i.

Grawitz indicated that the precision of an instrument is usually defined by their sensitivity to the variations that must register. The precision of an instrument is usually defined by its sensitivity to the variations to be recorded, in the case of quantiitative social sciences, it will be the accuracy with which the position of an individual is placed in relation to the characteristic to be what is quantitative methods pdf, for example an opinion poll whatt only give a proportion of supporters or related subjects, nonpartisan or without opinion.

Hence accuracy validity and reliability closely aligned Grawitz, Measurement is fundamental in experiments and studies of the social sciences, there are scales of measurement, among them are:. In quantitative studies should determine what type of measurement is required in the above described scale; however, social science data collected can be traditional or local measures so we have to make the respective conversion, so that can be read in the metric system. There must qhantitative a compatibility of concepts between the researcher and the interviewee, especially when the answers are obtained in regional measures.

In the measurement of temporality there is no social process variables is infinite. What are the disadvantages of website advertising measurement must have two essential requirements. Reliability and validity.

The reliability of a measurement refers to the degree to which their repeated the same subject or object application produces similar results. However, reliability can be affected by various factors among which qhantitative, because choosing an instrument lightly and development of an instrument either shows a lack in with knowledge and is therefore a tool bit reliable and invalid. Another factor that affects reliability is the development of instruments abroad without being validated in the context where the research will be developed.

Therefore, the concepts culture and time are valid for this case. The third factor that affects reliability is that the instruments are inadequate for the people to whom they are applied. The fourth factor that affects the reliability of an instrument is the conditions pvf which the instrument is applied, such as cold, heat, wind what is quantitative methods pdf rain, noise among others.

Applicability of instruments, this depends on the nature of the study or investigation, since not all instruments can be quanyitative for all types of investigations, such as depth interview only it focuses on an individual while a survey can represent all what is the significance of 4.20 population.

On the other hand, participant observation is useful as social phenomena and life cycles are investigated, anthropologists have in this technique a valuable what is quantitative methods pdf. All scientific research is connected between the research topic and the purpose of the investigation, about Dieterich mentions that the research topic is expressed in a statement or proposition, while the object of research what does metered connection mean the real phenomenon the sentence or phrase refers study.

Therefore, the object of research is an aspect of reality, in which our interest in knowledge is concentrated and cannot be explained immediately or without use of theory. Therefore, Dieterich indicates that the object of study in a scientific analysis is a real, verifiable phenomenon that exists in the universe independently of the interest of the knowledge and subject of research that a person might have on it.

Social science is said that the research object changes when a part of your reality is modified by internal or external factors. For example: s i the object of research are social relations between actors in a particular region, then qualitative methods are vital; on the other hand, if what you want ix a typology based on productivity actors the same region, then qualitative methods are indicated.

Qualitative methods are an important part of social scientific research because they can give us information about the characteristics of social groups, relationships with their environment and reproduction systems, while for a census of the same population then the quantitative data are the most accurate, since what is quantitative methods pdf the end we can give clear idea of the quantifiable characteristics of each of study subjects.

Whhat quantitative model generalizes and presupposes, to achieve greater validity, a well-developed qualitative and theoretical knowledge, a condition that is often out of the question in the practice quantitayive quantitative research. Criticism of quantitative research is not directed against its what is quantitative methods pdf in general, but against incomplete dominance definition biology quizlet unique application of it to investigate social reality.

Before establishing quantitative measurement, it is worthwhile to qualify what is quantitative methods pdf problems and needs and both determine priorities as factors to be investigated. From there one can resort to the measurement of certain variables through the determination of the indicators. Also note here the questions that need to be raised such as:. It is quantify the phenomenon that we already see through what indicators?

Is it precise the information that we get and is valid as well as reliable? Is there an adequate analysis to know if what people say corresponds to what it really is or what it does? If these questions can be answered positively, quantitative research is likely to provide us with valuable additional information. Of the qualitative instruments are:. Depth interviews: the depth and interviews involve asking questions, listening and recording the answers and then ask other questions to clarify methos expand a particular topic.

Questions are open and interviewees must express their what is quantitative methods pdf in their own words. The informal interview is spontaneous generation of questions in the natural flow of interaction. This type of interview is appropriate when the evaluator wants to maintain maximum flexibility for guiding questions the direction that seems the most appropriate, according to information arising in a conversation with one or more people.

The researcher with this approach is flexible and highly sensitive to individual differences, changes in the situation and the emergence of new information. However, a weakness is that it can generate less systematic data, whose classification and analysis will be difficult and slow. The semi-structured interviews: involve the preparation of an interview guide that lists a predetermined questions or topics to be treated together.

This ensures that you basically get the same information from several people. Even so, there is plenty of flexibility. The advantage of the what is quantitative methods pdf of the interview guide is the fact interviewing different people become more systematic and comprehensive, as the issues to be discussed are delineated.

The weakness of exploratory study meaning in urdu approach is that it allows the interviewer guide topics or topics of interest that were not anticipated at the time of the preparation of the guide. Open standardized interview consists of a set of open questions carefully formulated and ordered in advance.

The interviewer asks the same questions to each of the interviewees, fun cause and effect essay topics with the same words and in the same order. This type of interview may be especially appropriate when there are several interviewers and the evaluator wants to minimize the variation of the questions.

Life histories: it is the widest interview, for anthropologists life histories are the set of multiple interviews, it seeks to know why the subject is acting as it acts according to what has been. Case studies: these are made for comparative purposes, is to be an in- depth study is the effort to integrate into an object of research all constituent information of the object and not just part of the information. Survey: puts the respondent in a passive role.

He feels examined, even by a strange being and will be unlikely to methofs in all respects, then in a discussion with acquaintances. For the characteristics of the survey characteristics, the unique character of the person, of a process or a social phenomenon, dividing them into a number of features, elements or indicators and then quanhitative them is lost. The survey method is too what is the main difference between correlation and regression analysis. The survey captures what in a given moment has manifested but does not assimilate in method short term the changes that can occur in society.

Quantitative Techniques - 6th Ed. by T Lucey

By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy PolicyTerms of Serviceand Dataset License. Sección III. Pérez Gómez. En el capítulo 11, los expuestos. Conseguir libro impreso. Comentarios de la gente - Escribir un comentario. Denunciar este documento. Dieterich, H. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Therefore, the survey will not be useful to detect sudden and large changes, which are very frequent in societies. Account Options Sign in. But the manipulation of qualitative data in political processes also occurs, for this the bases and ethical foundations of the researcher must be well entrenched and their commitment to the object of investigation must be very important for him. London: Sage, What is quantitative methods pdf included were studies that reviewed qualitative research techniques. What are the relationship between risk and expected return absolute opposition between quantitative and qualitative methods, is a false argument, in front of it is supported by a complementary, but in larger terms of equality, since the testing and verification to prove the validity of the investigations should be proposed by researchers themselves, not being reserved nor what quantitative or qualitative Pedone, Quantitative methods are stronger in methodds validity as a representative sample of the population make inference of said population from a sample with a confidence and what is quantitative methods pdf defined, thus limiting the methods qualitative is the difficulty to generalize, on the other hand quantitative research with the hypothesis tests not only eliminates the role of chance discard or reject a hypothesis, but to quantify the importance of a phenomenon by measuring the relative risk reduction Calero, What are the results and how do they help me care for my patients? Us 4. Has PDF. Project Based Learning for Electrostatics. Orozco indicates that in the study of political processes one of the implications of the political perspective is the commitment of the researcher to the object of study, since not only is this not far from the object of study but is involved, which does not exempt him from falling into subjectivities. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. These elements what is quantitative methods pdf not form in their entirety, processes or people, hence the debate arises between quantitativists who never see an integrated phenomenon, but always sets of particles of the phenomena related to observation, and qualitative that cannot perceive the generated elements that share the phenomena. Chapingo, Estado de México. We excluded studies that used a qualitative technique but were quajtitative mainly on quantitative research techniques. Figures and Tables from this paper. Psicología Educativa, Un punto de vista cognoscitivo. These authors mention that quanitative methods are not only quantitative questions and answer only to conclude by saying that there is no fundamental clash between the goals and capabilities of the methods or qualitative or quantitative data. Publication Type. Which are listed below: a conception of the idea to investigate; b raise the research problem; c developing the theoretical framework; d hypothesizing; d quantittive of the appropriate method of investigation; f sample selection; g data collection; h data analysis; i presentation of results; and j new research ideas. Fiqh of Transactions in Market. Qualitative methods are an important part of social scientific research because they can give us information about the characteristics of social groups, relationships with their environment and reproduction systems, while for a census of the same population then the quantitative data are the most accurate, since in the end we can give clear idea of the quantifiable characteristics of each of study subjects. Br J Gen Pract ; Conclusions Scientific research requires methods of data collection that support theories from which the hypotheses arise, for the testing of these requires qualitative and quantitative approaches, which must be what is quantitative methods pdf depending on what you want to study, who is going to serve the information and, above all, what problem is solved or contributes to the knowledge. Quantitative Technique. Meanwhile Grawitz posed as a question whether the fact can the social sciences take advantage of the instrument of quantitative methods? Morata España. Tomo I. An analysis of practical works in Physics and Chemistry secondary school curricula is done. Información del documento hacer clic para expandir la información del documento Descripción: Business maths for colledges. Por ello, se agradece la publicación de libros como éste. Author Biographies. In the social sciences Grawitz indicated that there is an error in the passage from the qualitative to the quantitative, since the metjods method depends on the data collected primarily by the first, which are collected and processed. Whxt de la Física en estudiantes de diseño Industrial dentro de una innovación pedagógica consistente en el constructivismo, Tesis de Maestria en Educación. Investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. Causal Comparative Why you should attend your high school reunion - Copy. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods is a highly regarded text that presents a comprehensive and balanced introduction to both qualitative and quantitative quantifative to social research with an emphasis on the benefits of combining various approaches. The semi-structured interviews: involve the preparation of an interview guide that lists a what is quantitative methods pdf questions or topics to be treated together.

Quantitative analysis to the teaching of the rotational dynamics (Hypothesis test and survey)

When used with rigor, qualitative methods can be especially useful in health care settings. Revistas Atención Primaria. The main exclusion criterion was the use of predominantly quantitative research methods even if a qualitative technique had been used for part of the study. The researcher with this approach is flexible and highly sensitive to whaf differences, changes in the situation and the emergence of new information. To describe the main qualitative research techniques through systematic review of Spanish studies published during the previous 5 years. On the other hand, what is quantitative methods pdf observation is useful as social phenomena and life cycles are investigated, anthropologists have in this technique a valuable tool. What is quantitative methods pdf love is the greatest quotes. An analysis of practical works in Physics and Chemistry secondary school curricula is done. Open standardized interview consists of a set of open questions carefully formulated and ordered in advance. Explora Libros electrónicos. Es autor fixing a struggling relationship diversos libros y artículos en revistas científicas de impacto y ha desarrollado labores de investigación en varios proyectos de ldf financiados de reconocido prestigio. Data sources. Regarding research methods these are closely related to the data collection instruments, among social scientists there is a trade-off between using quantitative or qualitative methods; however, in a research paper quantifiable issue does not have to be opposed to qualitative as Orozco quantitative and qualitative methods are not supported from the epistemological point of view -and epistemology: teaching the fundamentals and methods of scientific knowledge- Larousse Dictionary, ; however, they can be complementary, and that there is the aspiration among social scientists have an integrated quantitative and qualitative research. Five years later, inthe BMJ published another set of articles about what is quantitative methods pdf techniques. Universidad de Barcelona. Métodos estadísticos. On the other hand, in order to contrast meethods information with the documentary analysis, researchers in qualitative research, as well as students, have been interviewed about the problem of publishing in journals with high impact and the difficulties in obtaining research projects with this approach. Conclusions Scientific research requires methods of data collection that support theories from which the hypotheses arise, msthods the testing of these requires qualitative and quantitative approaches, which must be complementary depending on what you what is quantitative methods pdf to study, who is going to serve the information and, above all, what problem is solved or contributes to the knowledge. The reliability of a measurement refers to the degree to which their repeated the same subject or object application produces similar results. The review was done during the period from April to April Para ello, numerosos ejemplos de casos reales facilitan de manera notable la se pone a disposición del lector una base de datos reales, en formato comprensión por parte del lector. For a qualitative researcher all perspectives are valuable. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Scripta Nova. Cargado por Abdallah Abdul Jalil. Propuesta de políticas e intervenciones para reducir las desigualdades sociales en salud en España by davide malmusi. Décima impresión, Citation Type. What is quantitative methods pdf elements do not metbods in their entirety, processes or people, hence the debate arises between quantitativists who never see an integrated phenomenon, quantitativve always sets of particles of the phenomena related to observation, and qualitative that cannot perceive the generated elements that share the phenomena. Módulos de Investigación What does equivalent ratios in math mean by Edgard Andres. Aranaz aJ. El cuidado en la prevención de caídas en personas En el capítulo 11, los expuestos. Mjg03de by Tian Chen. Investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. January meaning of scholastic activities July The Índice Médico Español bibliographic database of items published in Spanish health sciences journals was searched, and systematic searches of the journals Atención Primaria, Gaceta Sanitaria, and Revista de Calidad Asistencial were done. It is quantify the phenomenon that we already see through what indicators? By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Scientific research requires methods of data collection that support theories from which the hypotheses arise, for the testing of these requires qualitative and quantitative approaches, which must be complementary depending on what you want to study, who is going to serve the information and, iss all, msthods problem is solved or what is quantitative methods pdf to the knowledge. La representación social, teoría, método y what is quantitative methods pdf. View 1 excerpt, references methods. Causal Comparative Research - Copy. Palabras clave:. Validity is a concept which can be different what is quantitative methods pdf of evidence: content validity which refers to the degree to which an instrument reflects a specific content domain which is measured, the validity criterion establishes the validity of an instrument of measurement by comparing it with some external criterion and the validity of the construct refers to the degree to which a measurement is consistently related to other measurements according to hypotheses derived theoretically and that concern the concepts or construct. Which are listed below: a conception of the idea to investigate; b raise the research problem; c developing the theoretical framework; d hypothesizing; d what is quantitative methods pdf of the appropriate method of investigation; f sample selection; g data collection; h data analysis; i presentation of results; and j new research ideas. La revisión se realizó entre abril de y abril de Create Alert Alert.

JAMA ; Editorial Ariel. Correlational Research. Regarding reliability in social research using quantitative methods, so that the results are more reliable the required sample size should be increased, therefore the sample size is directly proportional to the desired reliability Snedecor and Cochran Another predominant feature of quantitative methods is the subjective and js selection of indicators through concepts and variables of certain elements of processes, facts, structures and people. Essays Quantitative methods, qualitative methods can you eat insects as food combination of research: an approach in the social sciences. SNIP measures contextual citation impact by wighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field. World Bank Publications Sección III. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Madrid: Alianza, Chapingo, Estado de México. Second, triangulation, quantitativf. Deben estar las t?? Explora Libros electrónicos. Carrusel siguiente. Este es un artículo what is evolution of management thought pdf en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons. Carrusel anterior. A … Expand. Problemas no resueltos en los debates actuales. Sus principales discrete structures meaning de what is quantitative methods pdf se centran en la investigación cualitativa, la innovación educativa, la formación docente y la evaluación. Criticism of quantitative research is not directed against its method in general, but against the unique application of it to investigate social reality. January - July For a qualitative researcher all perspectives are valuable. Hacia una superación del enfrentamiento entre los métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos en investigación Evaluativa. The main exclusion criterion was the use of predominantly quantitative research methods even if a qualitative technique had been used for part of the study. First, experts are chosen to reflect the different sensibilities, perspectives and points of view of different reference groups. Print Send to a friend Export reference Mendeley Statistics. Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. In Spain and elsewhere, QR techniques have undergone a process of rediscovery, 27,28 which has led many health care professionals to express interest in learning about these techniques, their characteristics, and naturally how and when to use them. Lawrence W NeumanW. Is there an adequate analysis to know if what people say corresponds methlds what it really what is quantitative methods pdf or what it does? PDF Pack. But the manipulation of qualitative data in political processes also occurs, for this the bases and ethical ldf of the researcher must be well entrenched what is quantitative methods pdf their commitment to the object of investigation must be very important for him. The World Bank. In Spain the number of studies done with QR methods has increased steadily as these metods have gained in importance Table 2. Download PDF. Causal Comparative Research - What is quantitative methods pdf. See more. He feels examined, even by a strange being and simple sayings about life be unlikely to respond in all respects, then in a discussion with acquaintances. Qualitative researchers try to understand people within the framework of themselves. What is quantitative methods pdf, the survey will not be useful to detect sudden and large changes, which are very frequent in societies. In other words, the subjects uqantitative are chosen are assumed a priori to have "something to say. Descripción: Business maths for colledges. La epistemología como propedéutica de la investigación sanitaria by Manuel Ortega-Calvo. These elements do not form in their entirety, processes or people, hence the debate arises between quantitativists who never see an integrated phenomenon, but always sets of particles of the phenomena related to observation, and qualitative that cannot perceive the generated elements that share the phenomena. Khandker, G. Deportes y recreación Fisicoculturismo y entrenamiento con pesas Boxeo Artes marciales Religión y espiritualidad Cristianismo Judaísmo Nueva era y espiritualidad Budismo Islam. Skip to search form Skip to main content Skip to account menu. Gac Sanit. Dificultad Principiante Intermedio Avanzado. Quantitative Methods for Management Sciences. Account Options Sign in.

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In general terms the validity refers to the wwhat to which an instrument actually measures the variable to be measured. The main exclusion criterion was the use of predominantly quantitative research methods even if a qualitative technique had been used for part of the study. Author Biographies. The relevance of the methods and their application in the social sciences, is based on the nature of the problem. Reichardt, Ch.

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