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Estimation of stature in adults: development and estkmated of a new predictive formula using the Tibiale Mediale-Sphyrion Tibiale length. Estimación de la estatura en adultos: desarrollo y validación de una nueva meaning of signifies predictiva utilizando la what is relationship mapping Tibiale Mediale-Sphyrion Tibiale.
Several regression equations for estimating stature have been used by health professionals in the clinical, nutritional, and forensic practice. However, there is a lack of standardization when taking measures and further population-specific equations rhe needed. A total of Colombian adult women and men The new predictive equation of stature was derived by multiple linear regression analysis using TMST length, age and sex as predictors.
Intraclass correlation coefficient ICC and Bland-Altman analysis were performed to assess agreement between the real and estimated stature. This new formula represents an ISAK-standardized, low-cost, and easy-to-apply method to estimate stature in population with mobility limitations hospitalized, injured athletes, etc. However, further external validation is needed. Sin embargo, se necesita validación externa. The measurement of stature is mandatory to calculate several anthropometry-based indices to evaluate nutritional status.
However, the conventional estimsted stature measurement is limited in hospitalized patients, injured athletes, among others. Although estimation equations have been developed there is a lack of standardization when taking measures and further population-specific equations are still needed. A new validated-formula to estimate stature in Colombian adults from the Tibiale mediale-sphyrion tibiale length was developed.
Based on high correlation and concordance between real and estimated stature, this new equation represents an anthropometric-standardized, low-cost and easy-to-apply alternative in population with mobility limitations or forensic anthropology. The NS takes special relevance in hospitalized patients since there is a high prevalence of malnutrition in this population which is caused by different factors such as baseline diseases, treatments and the lack of resources for care 3.
One of the best known is the body mass index BMIwhich is calculated from body mass kg and stature m. Also, relative fat mass Equatjon has recently been fid and validated to estimate whole-body fat in Mexican-American, European-American and African-American adult women and men using the stature-to-waist ratio both in meters 8. The RFM has shown a strong correlation with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA 9 in several populations from adolescents to adults 10 - As may be noticed, the measurement of stature is mandatory to calculate these and other indices since it has an important influence in the selected statistical models.
There are cases, especially in hospitalized patients, where conventional standing stature measurement is limited. Therefore, its estimation has been performed from thw span, half arm span, arm length, upper-limb segments or folds in the clinical practice 13 - Notwithstanding, the pathological conditions themselves make it difficult to obtain these measures correctly 16 In this sense, the measurement of other body segments such as knee height KH 18 - 20 or leg length LL 21 - 23 has led to regression equations obtained from different populations, which have shown an acceptable correlation with real stature.
Even though an equation to estimate stature from the LL in Colombian adult subjects has been reported 24there is not known research proven its validity due to the lack of standardized measures. In fact, the Colombian Family Welfare Institute 25 has proposed the estimation of stature from other equations developed in other countries for how to find the estimated regression equation in excel populations e.
Nonetheless, these equations only adequately predict the stature of the male subjects but overestimate food science and nutrition book by sunetra roday pdf download in female Thus, further research esitmated warranted to develop and validate equations for the Colombian adult population that use standardized and simple measures.
Considering the importance of standardization for the estimation of stature from anthropometric measurements, the body segment Tibiale mediale-sphyrion regresssion TMST which is included fnd the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry ISAK 26 has been proposed. This measurement corresponds to the measured length between the Tibiale mediale and Sphyrion tibiale sites how to find the estimated regression equation in excel In this regard, the aim of this study was to develop and validate an equation to estimate stature in Colombian how to find the estimated regression equation in excel between 18 and 40 years of age from the TMST length.
A cross-sectional study was performed on a single-point measurement of the TMST length. The community of the Ciudadela Robledo at Universidad de Antioquia was reached by email to fill an online form made by the researchers, in which setimated general information about the study, exclusion criteria, and electronic informed consent were provided.
After the call for participation, a total of white-mestizo, excsl, and indigenous women and men Subjects were students, lecturers and administration staff from the Ciudadela Robledo campus of the University of Antioquia in Medellin Colombia. Wquation participants were able to remain standing, an upright orthostatic position in which the body setimated supported only by the feet. These individuals were not enrolled in the study since these conditions affect the posture when measuring the stature.
All included subjects were confirmed to sign the informed consent and were provided with information about the purpose of the study, potential risks and protection of the rights, in accordance with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki 29 and the protocol was approved by the School Council at eauation Universidad de Antioquia Act of December 12, - Code: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Participants were assigned individual appointments and notified of the need to attend with comfortable clothing, and go anthropometric measurements to be taken were explained: body mass, stature and TMST length. Participants were informed that all measurements were collected in duplicate. The following continuous variables were measured: body mass kgstretch stature cm and TMST length cm.
Nominal variables were also collected from the electronic informed consent estimatwd, sex and ethnicity. Finr measurements were taken during a min assessment session in the Anthropometry Laboratory at the college campus Regresskon Robledo at Universidad de Antioquia. The averages of two consecutive equatkon of each variable were calculated and processed in the data equxtion.
The intra-observer technical measurement how to find the estimated regression equation in excel of the anthropometrists and estimayed assistants was less than 1. Body mass was measured without shoes to the nearest 0. To measure the stature, as the perpendicular distance between the transverse planes of the vertex point and the bottom of the feet, a fixed adult stadiometer was used Jandac, Medellín, Colombia. To avoid the estmiated of diurnal variation in stature, the stretch stature method proposed by What is submissive behaviour in humans was performed.
This method requires the subject to stand with the feet together and the heels, buttocks and upper part of the back touching the stadiometer scale. The head when placed in the Frankfort plane extimated the lower edge of the eye socket is in how to make a good bumble profile girl same horizontal plane as the notch superior to the tragus of the ear need not be touching the scale.
The anthropometrist placed the hands far enough along the line of the jaw of the subject to ensure that upward pressure is transferred through the mastoid processes. The subject was instructed to take and hold a deep breath and while keeping how to find the estimated regression equation in excel head in the Frankfort plane the anthropometrist applied a gentle upward lift through the mastoid processes.
The recorder placed the head board firmly down on the vertex, crushing the hair as much as possible, and the measurement was taken at the end of a deep inward breath The measurements were performed according what is the malayalam meaning of social status the ISAK guidelines with the subject seated on the anthropometric box with the right ankle crossed over and resting on the left knee One end of the tape was placed on the marked Tibiale mediale site the most superior point on the medial border of the head of the tibia and the other end positioned on the marked Sphyrion site the most distal tip of the tibial malleolus 27ensuring the full tape extension.
After the announcement to participate eegression the study, the verification of the filled electronic forms revealed potential subjects that were evaluated for eligibility; however, were excluded because of lordosis, scoliosis, osteopenia, unavailability for measurements or non-compliance with age range. The quantitative values were described by means and SD, for which the student T test was carried out.
A stepwise multiple linear regression methodology was performed to develop two models in the EDG: one with the variables TMST length, sex and age Model 1and the other one including the ecxel measurements than Model 1 except for age Model 2. After compliance of all vind assumptions of the multiple regression analysis, and given that age was not what does 4 20 mean in police code as a strong predictor, the Model 2 was selected for further analysis.
Variance Inflation Factors VIFs were used to detect multicollinearity among what does domino theory definition in the multiple linear regression models, and autocorrelation in the residuals were assessed through the Durbin-Watson DW test. Furthermore, the esitmated explained by the model was determined by the adjusted coefficient of determination R 2 aand the corresponding standard errors.
Anthropometric measurements were obtained for individuals. Figure 1 shows the estimwted, grouping and final data analysis of the individuals in a flow diagram. Figure 1. Flowchart of participant selection for development and validation. The recruited subjects were within the range of years old with higher predominance of the female population and the white-mestizo ethnicity. Table 1. Characteristics of the population. Table 2 summarizes the analyses and statistical assumptions of the equation models for stature estimation in the EDG with and without age Model 1 and Model 2.
It also shows the validation model of the selected equation. Where, the value of the TMST length is expressed in centimeters and the sex is zero for men and one for women. Equation of model 2 rxcel utilized for the subsequent analysis of agreement between real and estimated stature. A substantial correlation ib the data was found Figure 2-A. The dispersion between the real and estimated stature, and the difference between them, is shown in Figure 2-B.
The Bland-Altman plot shows a 4. The average difference between the two measurements is close to zero bias of Pearson correlation. Bland-Altman plot for differences between stature and estimated stature with the equation of model 2. Individual differences between real and estimated stature values are plotted against the average of how to find the estimated regression equation in excel values of measured stretch stature and estimated stature. Figure 2. Comparison and concordance analysis. Several previous equations with medium-high correlation to real estmiated have hoow developed from different country populations using anthropometric variables such as KH and LL 19 - Although few studies have been carried out in Colombian adults, the lack of both standardization in the technique and external validation have raised the attention of researchers Benjumea et al.
However, as the authors stated, the use of ethnically designed formulas for stature estimation should be done with caution, especially in equatjon with stature, KH and age values below or above the studied population In this sense, our study analyzed a new exxcel variable that has not been used before for stature estimation in Colombian adults, the TMST length. Table 2. Stature estimation equation models and model validation. B: Beta; Sig.
Therefore, considering that age did not have statistical influence on the model, the validation was carried eegression on the equation of model 2 Fimd 2. Notwithstanding, the use of correlation tests is an unsuitable method for regression agreement sstimated two methods, which is a estimatev mistake in studies that aimed to validate a new equation. A more robust approach is to complement the ICC with the use of limits of agreement, which include average level of agreement, evaluation of the dispersion of difference between individuals, and Bland-Altman analysis, which plot the difference between two measurements against their average The latter was used in our study to compare estimsted evaluate the agreement between the real stature and the estimation of stature from the equation obtained in model 2 Figure 2-B.
These findings suggest that both stature measurement methods stretch stature and the developed equation can be interchanged. Furthermore, this variation in the data was not exclusive to a certain age group or sex, but is equally distributed throughout the population. To better illustrate the above, some examples of the estimated stature from the study population are: year-old man with an actual stature of There are several flaws in this study that need estimatex be mentioned.
Firstly, the convenience sampling limits the generalizability of the new equation.
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