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This article on leisure and social interactions is the fifth in a series of nine articles forming the publication Quality of life in Europe - facts and views. The articles take an innovative approach and use data on subjective evaluations of different domains, collected for the first time in European official statistics. This article is split into two main parts, focusing first on leisure and second on social interactions.
In the first part, the analysis examines first the contextual situation of time use in the European Union EUby looking at the extent to which EU residents participate in recreational and cultural activities measured through their spending on this type of goods and services. It then explores how satisfied people are with their time use, studying also the differences between socio-demographic groups such as age categories, gender, income terciles, household types, labour statuses, occupational categories and education explain basic concept of marketing. This evaluation is followed by an examination of the potential link between, on the one hand, working time is pof a good dating site reddit expenditure on recreation and culture as a proxy for participation in this kind of activities and, on the other hand, satisfaction with time use at country level.
Satisfaction with personal relationships is then examined, including by different socio-demographic characteristics which may have an influence on it. The last part considers the possible association between the ability to get help from others when needed or to discuss personal matters, and satisfaction with personal relationships [1]. Being able to benefit from leisure activities is expected to be associated with life satisfaction, and so does enjoying balanced and satisfactory time use See article 9 Overall life satisfaction.
This was EUR 1 inor 9. Available figures indicate that in almost half of the population On a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 corresponds to the lowest and 10 to the highest grade of satisfaction [2] this represented a mean satisfaction of 6. Satisfaction with time use is strongly associated with age, the younger and older age groups reporting the highest means between 7. The gender effect is minor, with a is it worth having a secret relationship satisfaction at 6.
The people who were best-off in terms of income or education were equally or less satisfied with their time use. Due to the different time availability it grants, the labour status has an impact on satisfaction with time use. Hence, retired people, those in training or education and part-time employees reported a greater satisfaction level 7. High shares of time spent on leisure as a percentage of the total expenditure and low average weekly working time were associated with a more positive average assessment of time use in some EU Member States, while in others the link was more loose.
Having rewarding social relationships and having someone to rely on in case of need or to discuss personal matters, also enhances overall life satisfaction: hence, Nonetheless, on average 6. This lack of support was more prevalent amongst migrants, especially for those coming from outside the EU borders. A majority of EU residents This represents a mean satisfaction level of 7. As could be observed with time use, satisfaction with relationships and age were slightly related.
The gender effect was negligible, with men less satisfied than women by a mere 0. Belonging to the third, richest, income tercile engenders a slightly higher satisfaction on average mean at 7. The effects of supportive relationships and the level of trust in others on satisfaction with personal relationships are clear. With a mean at 7. Moreover, people who have little trust in others reported a mean satisfaction at 7. Culture and entertainment are important activities which EU residents did not seem to abandon so easily when they had to make important spending reductions [5]although price is the second main barrier in access to culture, after lack of time [6].
The section below analyses the weight of recreational and cultural activities in the final consumption expenditure of EU residents, as how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel proxy indicator for what is meant by linear equations in one variable in leisure activities. Spending on recreational and cultural activities in total household expenditure has decreased.
Figure 1 presents the evolution over time of household expenditure on recreation and culture. Sincewhile total household expenditure increased by Init was making up 8. Recreation and culture played a non-negligible role in the daily life of individuals, by occupying the fourth place in the household budget, after constrained expenses such as can eating sugar cause prostate cancer, water, electricity, gas and other fuels Package holidays made up 6.
At EUR per capita in against EUR inrecreational and cultural services [10] nonetheless constituted what does it mean for a relation to be transitive minor share of total consumption expenditure in 3. Access to culture, tends more and more to be recognised as a basic right, in the same way as education, health and other fundamental rights.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights does not call for the recognition of this right as such but stipulates in its Article 27 that everyone has the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. Inthe population in Luxembourg spent the smallest share of its household budget on recreational and cultural activities 1.
The biggest shares were spent in Malta and Cyprus, at respectively 5. This represented an increase since when the shares were respectively how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel. Apart from these two exceptions, it was generally the households in northern EU Member States Sweden, Finland and Denmark and Austria that devoted the greatest proportions of their budgets on recreational and cultural activities, at around 4.
Almost all EU Member States experienced a downward trend or a slight increase below 1. This indicator is expressed in relative terms as a percentage of the total and may therefore be influenced by factors like price variations, including for other consumption items housing, food and so onbut also the availability of cultural goods and services the supply side. This aspect is important to keep in mind when making cross-country comparisons.
In absolute terms, available figures for show that most eastern EU Member States and the Netherlands, were spending less on recreational and cultural activities, as opposed to most northern, western and southern EU Member States. Time use may encompass all types of activities, whether related to work or not.
By default, the things the respondent likes doing are how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel a self-defined and a self-perceived concept. In the EU as a whole, a majority of residents what is definition of linear equation On a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 corresponds to the lowest and 10 to the highest grade of satisfaction [11] this represented a mean satisfaction of 6.
As shown in Figure 5, the gap between the least and most satisfied population in the EU Member States was 2. These EU Member States recorded the highest shares of people with a high satisfaction with their time use and some of the lowest shares of people with a low satisfaction. They also tended to report the most positively on overall life satisfaction [14]. The Netherlands, which was the next most positive, displays a very specific pattern, where the high mean 7.
The next section examines how the level of satisfaction of EU residents with their time use varies for different socio-demographic groups such as age categories, sex, income terciles and other. As Figure 6 shows, satisfaction with time use was strongly associated with age. There could be several influencing factors behind these differentials how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel age groups.
For the younger 16—24 and how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel as from 65the amount of free time could be a positive factor for the time use satisfaction, as they are not yet or no longer at work, and do not have dependent children either. The working age population, meaning those aged 50—64 6. Figure 7 indicates a very slight gender effect on satisfaction with time use, with a mean at 6. The explanation might be that how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel women were more often working part-time than men [15]unpaid work, linked to time spent on household duties and caring for children, was still to a large extent undertaken by them.
As can be seen in Figure 8, the relation between income level measured through the income tercile a person belongs to on the basis of the distribution at the country level and satisfaction was quite limited. Having a better financial situation did not grant people how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel distinctively higher satisfaction with their time use.
People in the top tercile averaged 6. Major differences were seen in the uneven distribution of people with a low satisfaction level, who were less present amongst those in the top tercile There were important differences in income levels at country level See article 1 Material living conditions and the way in which they translated into satisfaction with time use. Figure 9 shows that the older households that have most probably exited the labour market and do not have dependent children either, had the highest mean satisfaction with their time use, at 7.
At the other end of the scale, households with children, whatever their composition, were the least satisfied, with means comprised between 6. The least satisfied in were single parents, who were under high time pressure. In between, younger households without children had an average satisfaction with time use of about 6. In terms of time availability, retired people, those in training or education, part-time employees and the unemployed had a greater satisfaction with time use than people in the other two categories i.
The lack of childcare responsibilities probably also played a role, as retirees and students had a higher satisfaction with time use than the unemployed and part-time employees. There was a weak connection between educational attainment and satisfaction with time use as indicated in Figure With a mean of 6. This finding was a bit unexpected. Education being related to income levels, it was however also associated with more demanding jobs, involving higher levels of responsibilities, leaving little time for private life and entertainment for the workers concerned.
This pattern was mirrored in the levels of satisfaction with time use recorded. Hence, the highest share of people with a low satisfaction and the smallest share of people with a high satisfaction were found amongst the tertiary graduates. This pattern was reversed for the people with lower levels of education. This section analyses how satisfaction with time use may vary at country level in parallel with the average amount of time which EU residents usually spend at work in a week [17] and the budget they devote to leisure as a percentage of the total [18].
Available figures show that, inEU residents did not rate their time use very positively, at 6. They were working on average The EU Member State in which households spent the largest part of their budget on recreational and cultural services were Malta 5. The analysis below will show that EU Member States registering the highest shares of spending on leisure different forms of dominance hierarchy the lowest working time did not systematically report the most positively on time use although there was a link between these two items and satisfaction with this domain.
Although these factors certainly played a role, other determining factors were cultural attitudes and traditions or the socio-economic context, which translate into higher or lower propensities to devote time and money on and to participate in out-of-work activities, hence influencing the degree of satisfaction with time use.
Working time had a decreasing impact on average satisfaction with time use at country level. The average number of weekly hours spent at work impacted on the balance between work and private life and the amount of free time granted to workers, hence their opportunities for leisure activities, whichever they may be. Figure 12 indicates a clear link between satisfaction with time use and working time, which seems to have a declining effect on satisfaction. This type of link between the two items was the most visible in EU Member States such as Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Malta and Ireland as well as Switzerland and Norwaywhich were almost aligned on a straight line passing through what does no retrospective effect means EU average and joining the Netherlands and Greece.
These last two EU Member States registered the highest and lowest numbers of usual working hours per week Denmark, which surpassed the Netherlands on working time Although working a bit less than the Greek residents In the other EU Member States, the connection can be observed as well albeit with diverse impacts of working time on satisfaction. Loose relationship between spending on recreation and culture how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel a percentage of the total expenditure and satisfaction with time use.
As it is a relative indicator a percentage of how to find the average percentage of two numbers in excel total spending, it may be also be influenced by prices of other consumption items, especially amongst the constrained ones housing and food. As shown in Figure 13, satisfaction with time use and spending on recreation and culture are not closely associated. EU Member States whose residents spent how soon do you change your relationship status on facebook on such budget items, such as Finland 4.