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Universidad de Oviedo Spain. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Scale of Self-perceived Communication in the Couple Relationship SCCR in order to provide a straightforward and useful instrument. The sample was divided randomly into two subsamples to study the factor structure of the scale, carrying out a cross-validation by using an exploratory factor analysis EFA and a confirmatory factor analysis CFA.
Also, and to verify that the model remained stable taking account of the variable gender, the confirmatory factor analysis was repeated with the women and men subsamples, and a multigroup CFA was carried out to check the factor invariance according to this variable An 8-items scale was obtained, made up with two factors explaining This scale might be useful in the field how do relationship define the human person detection, prevention and intervention of conflict situations in the couple relationship.
Keywords: Couple relationship; communication; scale; instrument validation; factor analysis. Each person has their own way of being and living as part of how do relationship define the human person couple, which implies that every couple relationship is unique. Establishing and maintaining affective and intimate relationships constitutes, even in adolescence and youth, a component of psychosocial development with implications o health, wellbeing and psychological adjustment.
Moreover, they contribute to the generation of a positive family environment, creating an ideal framework for the upbringing and education of children that grow up within this context. Building on the basis that couple relationships constitute a fundamental aspect of life, communication and understanding within the partnership can be considered essential aspects of personal and social development; thus, a well-functioning couple relationship provides emotional and social support, and it an accepted fact a person in a healthy couple relationship has traditionally been associated with the social image of happiness Ruíz Becerril, Iturralde attributes communication with being the behavioral how do relationship define the human person that calibrates, regulates, maintains and makes relationships between human beings possible, and as such it would be impossible to study human interactions and behaviors without taking it into account.
This will have a positive effect on the family dynamic when the couple lives with their children, and allow for control of the risk factors that could lead to the breakup of the couple and the consequent negative effects on their children. Communication in couple relationships has a broader scope than in other types of relationships, including a wide variety of actions and gestures that form part of the internal communication of the couple, and constitute their own symbology how do relationship define the human person dynamic the expression of feelings and ideas, kisses, jokes, silences, etc.
This is reflected even in the types of conflicts that arise within the partnership, generated in men mainly as a result of what is fishbone diagram in quality control and distrust, and in women as a result of incompatible interests and apathy Flores Galaz, These differences require instruments and studies that take a more indepth look at results such as those of Urbano Contreraswhich confirm the need to work with men on specific elements related to the expression of feelings, opinions and desires.
This need is highlighted by the fact that compared to women, men show an interest in and a desire to communicate, but manifest a certain inability to achieve this, especially when it comes to emotional issues. Although everyone, as a function of their personal characteristics and experiences, ends up defining, transforming and adapting their own communicative style, scientific literature clearly identifies certain communication patterns.
With regard to communication styles and patterns, a variety of classification systems exist. One of the pioneering and most used gave rise to the Communicator Style Measure CSM scale, use in a number of research studies. The author, Nortonestablishes ten different communicative styles, which are encompassed by two major and opposing general communicative tendencies, the active and the passive dominant, dramatic, what is relationship database, expressive or animated, impression leaving, open, attentive, friendly, relaxed and precise.
On an international level, the Marital Communication Scale Kahn, is noteworthy for the evaluation the communication aspect. It uses a 6-point Likert-type scale and is made up of 16 items, of which 8 are items in which the man is the transmitter and the wife the receiver of the communication, while in the other 8 items the roles are reversed.
It also offers five possible response options for the response, allowing one to obtain a self-report measure that assesses family how do relationship define the human person, taking into consideration, on the one hand, ongoing emotional connectedness support, involvement, personal relationship and, on the other hand, separateness autonomy, uniqueness, freedom of personal expression. Since most of the scales used in this context were not how do relationship define the human person with the Spanish population in mind, have focused mainly on the communicative styles, and were elaborate around three decades ago, the specific goal is to elaborate an instrument that, in addition to being brief and reliable, is sensitive to the idiosyncrasies of the Spanish population.
A total of people how do relationship define the human person the age of 18 and in couple relationships participated voluntarily and altruistically in the study. Of the participants, In In terms of age, With regard to their place of residence, Where level of education is concerned, Regarding their work environment, In terms of the partnership itself, Moreover, It was elaborated on the basis of scientific literature on couple relationships and communication and revised after its elaboration by a group of experts on research methods, followed by others specialized in couple how do relationship define the human person and the family environment.
It was also applied to a group of is a quadratic function a one to one function with a variety of socio-demographic characteristics to test its face and content validity. As a result of and after each of these phases the items were modified, before achieving its final format.
In addition to this questionnaire, a self-report measure was applied to evaluate the general satisfaction of the respondents with the quality of the communication within the partnership. It was composed of a single item I am satisfied with how do relationship define the human person quality of the communication in our partnership and used the same reply scale, with the objective of using this measure afterwards to analyze the convergent validity of the designed instrument.
The sample was obtained using the non-probabilistic method known as 'Snowball Sampling' Goodman,starting off with a selection of couples that, in addition to responding to the questionnaire, handed out copies of the questionnaire to other couples in their immediate environment who, in turn, handed it out others. The process of information gathering was carried out via two procedures.
On the one hand, the questionnaire was handed out in person, giving each couple an envelope containing two questionnaires, accompanied by a brief introduction letter and instructions for their completion. Each member of the couple was also given an envelope in which to return the completed questionnaire, guaranteeing in this way that no other person, including their partner, would have access to the information facilitated, and ensuring protection of privacy.
On the other hand, the questionnaire was digitalized using the Google Forms tool, and the link sent to close acquaintances, who were asked to complete it, share it with their partner, and distribute it via their social media so that other people could also complete it. For the analysis of the compiled data, the statistical software package SPSS First, the database was examined to detect any atypical cases or missing values that might skew the posterior analysis, and the Little test Little, was applied to analyze the behavior of these missing values.
The missing data were then imputed using the Expectation-Maximization EM method. To study the factorial structure or construct validity, a cross-validation process was carried out using exploratory factor analysis EFA and confirmatory factor analysis CFAdividing the initial sample into two equivalent sections of subjects each. The first subsample was made how do relationship define the human person of women To do so, the maximum likelihood estimation method was used, evaluating the goodness of fit of the proposed model using a combination of absolute and relative adjustment indices.
This analysis was performed using a series of nested models, each one more restrictive than the previous one: first the configural invariance was tested the same factorial structure for the groups M1 ; then, the metric or weak invariance was considered the equivalent factor loadings must be equivalent M2 ; after which the strong invariance was evaluated the factor loadings and intercepts must be equivalent M3 ; and finally, a strict invariance model was tested the factor loadings, intercepts, and residuals or unique variances must be equivalent M4.
Finally, it was concluded that if strict invariance exists, the observed changes will be due to the latent variable and not to a measurement bias DeShon, How do relationship define the human person, the convergent validity was analyzed using Pearson's correlation between the resulting factors and the external variable previously selected as the criterion variable I am satisfied with the quality of the communication in our partnership.
In accordance with the reviewed literature, this item was considered to be a possible valid indicator or external criterion of what the instrument was trying to measure, and a certain degree of statistical correlation was expected to be found between the responses given for this item and the elements of the questionnaire. The percentage of missing values was between 0. All the items complied with the criteria of the normal curve, with asymmetry values below 2 and kurtosis values below 7 see Table 1.
These factors were made up of 8 items of the original 21, since these were successively eliminated when their communality was below. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy gives a value of. The resulting factors were denominated 'Positive Communication' and 'Negative Communication'. Table 2 shows the explained variance, the number of items included and the factor saturation for each element. Table 2: Factorial Structure of the Questionnaire. Figure 1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis Subsample 2.
The obtained results show a good fit of the model in both cases see Table 3. Table 3: Adjustment Indices for Men and Women. The results show strict factorial invariance, as no differences were found in the fit of the nested models. The how do relationship define the human person indicate that women obtained higher mean scores than men in four of the eight items two in each factoralthough the effect size measured with Cohen's d statistic is small see Table 6. Because the designed scale attempts only to reflect the profile of each subject in the two communication styles, without offering an overall score, contrasts were performed for all 8 items.
Table 6 Comparison of the Means of Women and Men. Furthermore, no increase in this value was observed if some of the elements were eliminated, and the Corrected Item-Total Correlation was above. According to these authors, the positive communication style defines people that transmit their thoughts and feeling to their partners, show affection, are open, friendly, cooperative, attentive, understanding and communicative with their partners.
They seek to communicate with respect and demonstrate a high and explicit level of disclosure. In contrast, the negative communication style tends towards non-explicit verbalization, demonstrates closed communication, in spite of a high level what does codominant allele mean in biology disclosure which is often accompanied by non-verbal signals. In comparison to other communication and couple relationships instruments not constructed with a Spanish sample, but nonetheless adapted to and validated on one, the developed scale shows slightly superior indices and a considerable reduction in the total number of items.
The generated instrument was composed of two factors similar to those of the scale designed here Respect for the other and Negative actions aimed at the othermade up of 18 items that explained This structure corresponds to previously consulted classifications for other scales evaluating the same subject. The results of the reliability and the psychometric properties of the scale suggest that it can be used in empirical contexts, which, together with its brevity and ease of application, contributes to making it a useful instrument for the various different environments in which communication in couple relationships is researched or requires evaluation.
Compared to other scales, the fact that it is current and centered on the Spanish population, including relevant elements of its diversity, gives it added value. Among the diverse areas of diagnosis or intervention in which the scale can be used, the application in the field of detection and prevention of conflicts within couple relationships stands out. As pointed out by Paleari, Regalia and Finchamthe what is a closure in a relationship quality of a relationship can be predicted to a large extent by negative responses in conflict situations not forgiving, attacking, or avoidingwhich in turn is directly or indirectly related to the use how do relationship define the human person effective communication.
Communication is a fundamental element in dealing with and resolving conflicts, but it is also often one of the most common sources of disagreement between partners Papp, Misinterpreting what the other person was trying to say, for example, tends to generate a defensive attitude, which ends up increasing the tension and distancing the partners from a solution to the conflict.
In the face of this reality, being able to detect the strengths and necessities of communication in couple relationships allows one to reduce the deterioration that the family environment may suffer as a result of conflicts, with the resulting negative effect on the children. In this regard, strategies for the constructive resolution of conflicts are required, improving communication and active listening skills, controlling aggressive attitudes and favoring empathy Save the Children, Furthermore, it should be noted that another contribution of the scale is that the population of two geographical areas of the country north and south were included, and that an attempt was made to include the maximum possible diversity in the sample.
On the other hand, one of the limitations of the generated scale that should be pointed out is how do relationship define the human person it is one of self-perception, although one must take how do relationship define the human person account that the data provided by this type of instrument may be very significant from a clinical perspective. Additionally, other already validated techniques were not used to evaluate the communication in the couple relationships, which would help to contrast the convergent validity.
Nevertheless, to make up as far as possible for this limitation, an item was selected with content what is impact assessment report, on the basis of the revised literature, could prove to be a good predictor of communication. These limitations allow one make suggestions and provide guidelines for further studies, such as including the gathering of qualitative information, applying the scale to other geographical areas such as other countriesother contexts such as the clinical fieldstudying the influence of other how do relationship define the human person on the quality of the couple relationship such as the duration of the relationship, whether or not the couple lives together, and whether or not they have children and expand the diversity of the couples, by compiling information on older people or homosexual couples, with the objective of obtaining a greater validity to generalize the results.
This publication is part of the project EDU and the second author had the predoctoral contract BES, both granted by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain. Anderson, S. The differentiation on the how do relationship define the human person system scale DIFS. The American Journal of Family Therapy20 La mediación en la resolución de how do relationship define the human person.
Educar32 Armenta Hurtarte, C. Comunicación y Satisfacción: Analizando la Interacción de Pareja. Psicología Iberoamericana16 1 Bartlett, M. Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Psychology3,
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