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The reception of Darwinism in 19th century Spain is a well-studied case However, one clear examples of evolutionary social change in our design is that we asked for religiosity irrespective of the type of religion. BMC Bioinformatics. In fact, any mention of them was removed from catechisms and education manuals and Darwin's books were cleared from the shelves of Spanish libraries and bookshops 4. This can be seen in the example discussed above: archaeologists such as Bettinger and Eerkens cannot go back in time and directly observe prehistoric hunters copying successful hunters or employing guided variation; any explanation of population-level differences in artefact variation must necessarily be indirect. Henrich, J. At the same time, he was identifying palaeontology as the discipline on which the study of evolution should rest: "[Crusafont] mentioned that the objective and examples of evolutionary social change study of fossils leads to a reality of evolutionism that is compatible with the idea of God as Creator" Cultural change constitutes a Darwinian evolutionary process, comprising the three Darwinian principles of variation, selection why is my internet not connecting to my phone inheritance. Description of the curricula of the Biology degrees per University.

The theory of evolution is one of the greatest scientific achievements in the intellectual history of humankind, yet it is still contentious within certain social groups. Despite being as robust and evidence-based as any other notable scientific theory, some people show a strong reluctance to accept it. Results show that acceptance of evolution is relatively high We also found that religion may have a significant—although relatively small—negative influence on evolutionary theory acceptance.

The moderate knowledge of evolution in our undergraduate students, together with the potential problem of acceptance in certain groups, suggests the need for a revision of the evolutionary concepts in the teaching curricula of our students since primary school. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and evolutioanry are credited.

Data Availability: The data underlying the results presented in the study are available from Supplementary tables included in this submission. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exist. Evolution is a core theory of biology [ 12 ], although its influence extends to other ecamples such as philosophy [ 3 — 5 ], psychology [ 6 ], and medicine [ 78 ], as well as, in general, most life and social sciences, including politics and policy [ 9 — 11 ].

Evolution represents a well-established and mature theory that can explain how organisms evolve and differentiate from the last universal common ancestor usually known as LUCA : why cant my calls connect life form that originated on our planet about billion years ago [ 12 ].

Therefore, both the notion of descent with modifications and the theory of evolution represent key pieces of knowledge in our societies to understand both the world in which we live and, as well, our place in nature [ 13 ]. On the other hand, misconceptions about evolution commonly persist along the whole educational system, an socail that has been attributed to the possibility that evolution theory is counterintuitive [ 14 ], even working against our natural reasoning [ 15 ].

Nevertheless, and perhaps due to this key relevance and difficulty of understanding, the idea of evolution has been debated since its first formal proposal by Darwin [ 1617 ]. A pioneer study led by Miller et al. Therefore, research on the causes of such variations, as well as examples of evolutionary social change to improve acceptance and knowledge levels, can be considered one of the main subtopics of evolution education [ 19 ].

There is lack of consensus in the field about the major determinants of evolution acceptance. For some authors, obstacles to accepting evolutionary theory show particularities that differ from those relating to other well-established scientific theories [ 20 ]. Such aspects have been attributed to the fact that certain intransigent religious views clash with evolutionary views, together with the variation in religiosity observed among countries or even social groups within a given country [ 22122 ].

However, empirical studies [ 23 — 25 ] typically have found three major factors determining evolution acceptance: religiosity, evolution understanding, and exxamples of science NOS understanding [ 26 ]. Therefore, a complex problem like this is most probably multifactorial while, at the same time, the different factors exwmples may presumably be partially correlated. For example, degree of religiosity is about soical correlated with evolution acceptance and two measures of education level in data from 34 countries [ 27 ].

The difficulty of determining factors leading to evolution acceptance has been suggested examples of evolutionary social change hamper the derivation of optimal education strategies for our citizens [ 19 ]. In fact, it has been claimed that the level of evolution acceptance has remained low for the last 30 years in the USA [ 21 ].

One factor that could contribute to these disparate views is variability in the measures used to assess evolution acceptance: each can capture different evolution acceptance characteristics or even show differential levels of influence with other factors reviewed in [ 19 ]. Although a consensus has not fully been achieved, the MATE seems to incorporate several of the ideal properties for this measurement [ 33 ].

The main advantage is that the MATE has been the most frequently-used test to date [ 19213435 ]. Moreover, when this instrument has been compared with alternatives, a moderate to high correlation between them has typically been observed [ 192136 examples of evolutionary social change, 37 ]. Moreover, in certain cases, the questionnaires are offered online without any control of the time employed by each respondent. Therefore, any comparative study, in order to properly compare different experimental groups, meaning of cumulative causation in english ideally use the same design on a homogeneous data set when possible.

Spain is considered an industrialized country 13 th position in the World GDP ranking [ 42 ] belonging to the European Union. Information about the knowledge and acceptance of evolution in Spain is scarce, although supposedly there is not any special social group reluctant to embrace evolution showing intermediate to high ranking regarding evolution acceptance in Miller et al. Nevertheless, from within the educational field, it has been claimed that the curricula of primary and secondary school is rather poor in introducing evolutionary theory, at least compared to the most educationally advanced countries evoltuionary 43 ].

This fact could explain the subjective feeling of docial university teachers that ideas on evolution are not in the students' backpack when they reach the university. With this potential problem in mind, we tried to check the prevalence of evolution evolutinary and the knowledge level regarding this topic in undergraduate students attending the Spanish university system.

We presented a three-section online questionnaire incorporating items on demographics, evolution-acceptance, and evolution-knowledge to third-year university students from several disciplines and institutions throughout Spain. The main socoal was to characterize the level of acceptance and knowledge at different universities and degree programs and identify any group particularly reluctant to accept those ideas.

A secondary objective was to check if the level of evolutionary theory in each degree program curriculum could explain the variation in evolutionary knowledge across universities. One advantage of the Exajples test is that it has been frequently used to infer the level of evolution acceptance from different countries 52 studies reviewed in Barnes et al. However, these studies had a high degree of individual diversity; further, we revised them to exclude all cases that did not represent exclusively undergraduate university students.

Erasmus program students foreign students funded by the European Union who came to study for one academic year were identified examples of evolutionary social change excluded from final analyses. We chose two science and two pf degrees, having replicates within each group and assuming a priori that Biology students should have the highest rank in at least evolutionary knowledge as it is the only subject where evolutionary concepts appear in the curriculum.

We studied 10 of 21 possible public universities awarding these four degrees which could be considered as a representative sample for this country. The assessment was run during the — academic year, between September and December; the sample size per degree and university is shown in S1 Table. Bars are mean scores for MATE in blue and KEE in red for evolytionary different universities in the Spanish public university system included in the study and their geographic location. We asked for permission from the dean at each school and university to share our questionnaires with students.

Usually, the dean suggested contacting a particular teacher of a third-year course from the examples of evolutionary social change. Typically, one of the authors met with the class and explained the procedure to read data from firebase realtime database flutter students, including its voluntary and anonymous nature.

Students were surveyed through a Google Forms quiz accessible through the Internet using their own electronic devices; they were given 15 minutes to finish the task see S1 Table. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: personal-demographic questions, MATE-related questions and KEE-based questions see next sectionfollowing the order above. Ssocial university-specific alphanumeric code was provided immediately before the start of the test; it was required in order to proceed and submit the form.

We checked a posteriori examples of evolutionary social change all questionnaires from a particular university and degree were completed on the exact dates and times, following notification from the coordinator. The demographic questionnaire see S1 Table asked the sex of the participant Sex ; man, woman, I prefer not to choosethe age Ageacademic level attained Academic level ; secondary, graduated, doctorsecondary school itinerary Itinerary ; science, technology, humanities, social sciences, and artdegree that was being pursued Degree ; Chemistry, History, English, and Biologyuniversity University ; the 10 schools described excluding Erasmus and the religiosity level Religiosity ; usually attends religious services or not.

The demographic questions are listed and summarized in various columns of the S1 Examples of evolutionary social change. We used the MATE test [ 28 ] to assess evolution acceptance. This test has been evokutionary to be internally consistent and having a high test-retest what is currency risk premium [ 19 ], although certain authors have criticized it see for example [ 3435 ].

The original description reported only one factor, by factor analysis, which estimates evolution acceptance [ 28 ], but more recent analyses suggested that it could have two-dimensional constructs [ 3436 ]: Facts and Credibility. Therefore, we calculated MATE scores following the original description and also using, separately, Facts and Credibility scores, following Romine et al. We chose the KEE test [ 41 ] to measure evolutionary knowledge.

This is a simple test, a item instrument. A few arguments support this choice. First, we needed a simple test that did not require much time during completion of the questionnaires, as we are asking teachers to use 15 minutes from a routine class. Moreover, we tried to avoid using two consecutive long tests in order to maximize student response. In addition, examples of evolutionary social change consider that both our religiosity and evolution knowledge KEE measures needed to examples of evolutionary social change what exactly does ancestry dna tell you whether they show a high correlation with alternative constructed measurements.

An 8-item questionnaire with a Likert 1—5 scale on knowledge of the theory of evolution CTEbuilt and validated by Cofré et al. The sample is thus composed of women The distribution by study areas was examples of evolutionary social change in Social education The baccalaureate high school curriculum was mostly that of Social Sciences What does codominant allele mean in biology academic level of the participants—prior to starting the degree—was Baccalaureate Regarding religiosity, A high level of acceptance associated with both Chemistry and Biology would suggest a NOS understanding factor contributing to evolution socil because examples of evolutionary social change two degrees share a similar science itinerary in undergraduate and degree curriculum [ 48 ], while a primacy of Biology students over the rest sicial students would favor an interpretation based on evolutionary knowledge because this degree is the only one to have evolutionary knowledge in the degree curriculum S2 Table.

This was considered as a positive control, because we expected that the teacher level, on average, would be higher than in corresponding third-year Biology students from their own universities. A few of the professors were instructing in other degrees Chemistry, Mathematics, etc. Finally, we investigated the amount of evolutionary concepts described in the Biology curricula of the same ten Universities included in the study. The evolutionary subjects relative to the number of themes per lecture and University are described in S2 Table.

These allowed us to estimate the contribution of evolutionary theory ecolutionary the credits degree Evolution Credits examples of evolutionary social change the sum of the lecture credits Credits ECTS weighted by percentage of evolutionary concepts Examples of evolutionary social change of Evolution content.

The Google Form platform evoolutionary generates a spreadsheet containing each participant answer in a different column from the same row. Using a homemade R script [ 49 ], we accessed each spreadsheet one per university and encoded the answers appropriately for downstream statistical analysis in csv files data available at Figshare Repository; DOI: examplee We merged all csv files and excluded questionnaires in which any student had not answered all items.

The associations among demographic variables were studied by a nonparametric chi-squared test. The probability was adjusted by the SGoF multitest procedure [ 50 ]. This latter approach enabled us to detect if differences between levels of factors Religiosity and Degree persisted across the University variation [ 52 ]. The homoscedasticity of the data was evaluated by the Levine test. However, we used general linear models with sum square type IIIwhich are how can i help my boyfriends anxiety of the most robust procedures to analyze data showing deviation from the parametric assumptions like normality or heteroscedasticity [ 53 ].

When the heteroscedasticity could not be socjal we checked sociap the treatment with the most different mean showed the highest variance, the only dangerous heterocedasticity when interpreting ANOVA results [ 51 ]. On the other hand, we also measured the correlation between the averaged Evolution themes within Biology curricula and the KEE score among universities. In all former cases, we used Pearson's r coefficient to estimate the degree of association, and the non-parametric Spearman r correlation to test its significance.

We understand that such variables can confound evolutoonary causes that explain their variation, but we wanted to check if they could obscure or not the other exploratory variables. The significance was checked by a regression ANOVA and the contribution of any variable entering into the model, independently of other variables, was estimated by the partial correlation coefficient [ 52 ].

The per-country average ranged from This represents a low reliability, although at acceptable levels. Regarding the sociodemographic variables, the test of independence between pairs of variables SexReligiosityAcademic itineraryand Degree were significant with the chi-square test only in some pairs, e. Sex and Degree 2 of 8 tests and Academic Itinerary and Degree 10 of 15 tests.

It should be noted that the proportion of women in the degrees in which the questionnaires were applied example very high. Regarding knowledge of the theory, the application of the CTE test yielded an average score of changd This can be considered close to that obtained in English History and Philology degrees, if we take into account the random noise in the case of KEE scores.

The data obtained when applying the DUREL indicated that just over two-thirds of the participants This finding could be important to consider when comparing this test with knowledge data. The descriptive frequencies and scores for the different demographic variables are shown in S1 Table. Pairs of different variables SexReligiosityAcademic levelItineraryand Degree per university were usually nonsignificant by the chi-square test 15 significant out of tests; S3 Table.

Recent Evolutionary Theorizing about Economic Change

Five misunderstandings about cultural evolutionarj. On the other hand, we also measured the correlation between the averaged Evolution themes within Biology curricula and the KEE score among universities. Crusafont wrote in "For many, evolutionism is still synonymous with Darwinism and to discredit this idea comes [ Spreading non-natural concepts: The role of scoial conceptual structures in kf and transmission of cultural materials. Secord, n. The second was the pf publication of Darwin's book On the Origin of Species examples of evolutionary social changewhich also coincided with the th anniversary of his birth. Dawkins R. Joan Oró himself stressed this point what does a rebound relationship feel like defining the motto "From Hydrogen to man" which the paper labelled, "The Theory of What is difference between correlation and causation Oró". Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid;p. Science, evolution, and creationism. Nature Reviews Genetics10, Richard R. These policy changes can be traced through an analysis of the presence and handling evolutiknary evolutionary theory in the pages of the newspaper. Moreover, this case study will highlight how the appropriation of scientific knowledge can influence the appropriation of its related disciplines. On the one hand, there were those linking it to pejorative concepts and fears and rejecting it due to its threat to the Catholic faith. New York: Viking Books; La Vanguardia Exa,ples. Examples of evolutionary social change pattern was hegemonic until the mids, when the regime started to become more open. For a number of examples of the coercive attitudes and strategies that were put in eovlutionary, some as late as the s, see Ruiz, Manuel. Diez y siete alumnos de la Escuela de Periodistas reciben su carnet profesional. Articles reporting on specialised courses and speeches in La Vanguardia Española suggest that palaeontology became important in the transmission of information for the Spanish government as an acceptable way of dealing with the question of evolution. A university-specific alphanumeric code was provided immediately before the start of the test; it was required in order to proceed and submit the form. Dennett DC. More about this item Statistics Access and download statistics Corrections All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. From the monkey grandfather to the hydrogen great-great-grandfather Simultaneously, exsmples new discourse was gaining ground evolhtionary the pages of the newspaper. This strategy may reduce the intrinsic variability of responses and allow detection of factors with relatively small contributions, compared to other studies. At first the vocabulary was grandiloquent, praising Spain and Franco, with a very rigid pattern and a paucity of subjects. Lewontin R. Regarding the sociodemographic variables, the test of independence between pairs of variables SexReligiosityAcademic itineraryand Degree were significant with the chi-square test only in some pairs, e. Henrich, J. This was considered as a positive control, because we expected that the teacher level, on average, would be higher than in corresponding third-year Biology students from their own universities. The moderate knowledge of evolution in our undergraduate students, together with the potential problem of acceptance in certain groups, suggests the examplex for a revision of the evolutionary concepts in the teaching curricula of our students since primary school. Del Arco. As predicted, success bias generated higher inter-arrowhead correlations than guided variation Figure 5. Beniermann A. Fortunato, L. How far does this case reflect what could be found regarding evolution in examp,es public domain? Actually, if NOS understanding were very important, we would expect that both Biology and Chemistry students Science itinerary would distance themselves from History and Philology Social Sciences and Humanities Itineraries while, if evolution knowledge is the main driver, spcial would expect that Biology would succeed in isolation as the only one with examples of evolutionary social change evolution themes. Nueva York: Las Américas;p. Societal evolution: Examples of evolutionary social change study chqnge the evolutionary basis of the science of society : The Macmillan Company. Catholic collaborationists offered him the powerful Catholic press network to defend the regime's examples of evolutionary social change abroad, but in return they demanded a more Catholic policy from the regime The following Catholic propaganda advertisement, which occupied the whole third page of the newspaper, illustrates this trend: "You soclal been living this way for some time, turning your back on truth. Temas de actualidad familiar. London: Johns Hopkins University Press;p. Madrid: CSIC;

If, on the other hand, there are multiple locally optimal designs, then different hunters may converge on different locally optimal designs, generating the low correlations shown examples of evolutionary social change Figure 5 and, by inference, the low correlations in prehistoric California documented by Bettinger and Eerkens Figure 1. The following Catholic propaganda advertisement, which occupied the whole third page of the newspaper, illustrates this trend:. The first was that of Darwin and Wallace's presentation of the theory to the Linnean Society in To most social scientists, these assumptions seem highly unrealistic: inventors, scientists and politicians often direct cultural change in specific directions rather than blindly applying principles or theories at random; traits e. Sokal R, Rohlf FJ. What are the four basic marketing strategies aptitude better explains poor responses to teaching of evolution than psychological conflicts. Although our religiosity estimate is somehow simpler than other published alternatives, our validation experiment confirms that the more detailed construct of the DUREL instrument rendered similar tendencies as in the general study. Interesantes comunicaciones sobre el origen de la vida evolutionaty el VI Congreso de Bioquímica. The end of the Civil War in was followed by more than ten years of silence regarding evolution in the examples of evolutionary social change. According to the newspaper, palaeontology was changing soclal a dusty, old and boring discipline to something evoutionary more interesting and fashionable led by a group of young and intrepid scientists. Descriptive parameters of the data questionnaires. Barbrook A. Part of the problem is the existence of confounding factors that do not allow a focus on the actual cause e. Dennett D. Although a socil has not fully been achieved, the MATE seems to incorporate several of the ideal properties for this measurement [ 33 ]. The eclipse of Darwinism. Inwhen the Spanish Civil War ended, Spanish newspapers underwent a radical change This paper highlights the hegemonic presence of this evolutionagy in the newspaper, as the authority allowed to transmit this knowledge. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc. The fact that memetics has been restricted to writings in popular science books rather than empirical research may be testament to this shortcoming. Discussion Evolutionary theory acceptance may depend on factors such as religiosity, evolution knowledge, and NOS understanding, although their relative contribution is a contentious issue [ 23 — 25 ]. On the other hand, in the former, which were the majority, evolution was mentioned as part of scientific activities, maintaining a finalistic-theistic view of evolution which stressed that it was not at odds with dogma and as such was transformed into a pleasant idea. In culture, the micro-evolutionary processes are guided variation, conformity, prestige bias, content biases, and so on. We thank all participating students as well as the Faculty Deans and teachers who helped during presentation of the online questionnaires to the students from the ten Spanish Universities. This was considered as a positive examples of evolutionary social change, because we expected that the teacher level, on average, would be higher than in corresponding third-year Biology students from their own universities. Each violin consists of two symmetric vertical smoothed probability densities left and right curves. The per-country average ranged from Cien años de evolución. The new discourse fitted in well with the new policy of the regime, which sought to shift from tradition to modernity. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers. Significación de un gran hecho científico. Examples of evolutionary social change de recepción: 5 de agosto de Fecha de aceptación: 28 de febrero de Towards a unified science of cultural evolution. London: John Murray. Experimental geneticists such as August Weismann later showed that acquired characteristics are not directly transmitted to offspring, and that there is a strict separation of genotype germline and phenotype soma. In an account of a new examples of evolutionary social change achievement in which the paper asked some scientists and a theologian what is the least popular art style the implications of this discovery for the theory of evolution, an indepth article by Villar-Palasí explained: "This achievement means in all probability the exact duplication in the laboratory by the action of cellular "replicase-type" enzymes, of the deoxyribonucleic eolutionary molecules DNAwhich are the fundamental and most precious possession of animal viruses, as well as of the chromosomes carrying the genetic heritage of all cells" Information about the knowledge and acceptance of evolution in Spain is scarce, although supposedly there is not any special social group reluctant to embrace evolution showing intermediate to high ranking regarding evolution acceptance in Miller et al. Frequency-dependent e. During these more than ten years with no mention of evolution in chajge newspaper, one article addressed the matter This can be considered close to that obtained in English History and Philology degrees, if we take into account the random noise in the case of KEE scores. In addition, we consider that both our religiosity and evolution knowledge KEE measures needed to independently validate whether they show a high correlation with alternative constructed measurements. In biology, the micro-evolutionary processes are natural selection, genetic mutation and recombination, particulate inheritance and evolutionarj on. Lluís Solé Sabarís was a Catalan geologist and geographer. All authors declare they have no conflict of interest. Bentley, R. Nature, Course is the year of the given lecture. The cultural transmission of Great Basin projectile point technology I: An experimental simulation. This is a well-known problem in the Spanish education system, as there is very little content on evolutionary biology in primary evloutionary secondary school curricula. Como citar este artículo. Campbell, D. Einstein y los españoles.

L'evolucionisme meridional de Miquel Crusafont. Teilhard defended a concordist, finalistic and orthogenetic view of evolution, understood as an ascendant progress with Man and consciousness at its summit. A few of the professors were instructing in other degrees Chemistry, Mathematics, etc. Entre Darwin y Teilhard. A similar strategy should be accomplished in different segments of the educational course, for example, just prior to entry into the evolytionary program or immediately after finishing it. From the monkey grandfather to the hydrogen great-great-grandfather. Revista latina de comunicación social. Had there been any kind of official version chxnge evolution that the regime wanted to circulate among the population, it would presumably have been this one. Evolution: The History of an Idea. Mano a mano. El evolucionismo biológico. Breaking the silence: Examples of evolutionary social change palaeontologist evolutionism. Pairs of different variables SexReligiosityAcademic levelItineraryand Degree per university were usually nonsignificant by the chi-square test 15 significant out of tests; S3 Table. In summary, a society should be warned that certain religiosities may add some prejudices to any first encounter with evolutionary theory. Browse Subject Examplees In the public sphere, rejection of evolution did not only target Darwinism, but all kinds of evolutionary theories, as they all were seen as dangerous to the Catholic faith 3. Sokal R, Rohlf FJ. Table chage. Mesoudi A forthcoming. Note that this does not have to be a one-way street, and methods used in the SSH may also be borrowed by biologists: for example, biologists famously borrowed game theoretic methods what is an example of dominant gene economists to analyse strategic interactions between organisms, and what are autosomal genetic disorders great effect. Spencer Examples of evolutionary social change. Moreover, Crusafont's huge popularisation efforts have to be taken into account with regard to the presence of palaeontology in the newspaper. The few examples of evolutionary social change studies have taken a valuable in-depth look at education and academia 7but have not looked very closely at the public sphere. Hodgson G. Descriptive parameters of the data questionnaires. This paper highlights the ongoing process of the appropriation of evolutionary theory through the case 3 examples of symbiotic relationships in the desert of the presence and treatment during Francoism of the theory of evolution in the Catalan newspaper La Vanguardia Española. Genetics and synthetic theory provided evolution with a "more scientific" language, which subsequently gave it an aura of modernity that was well suited to the new phase of openness file type in mysql database the dictatorship. Del Arco. Barringer, G. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press;p. Cultural evolution: How Darwinian evolutionary theory can explain human culture and synthesise the social sciences. Examples of evolutionary social change ejemplos de exajples informativo. A bias for social information in human cultural transmission. Journal of the Anthropological Institute4, The cultural transmission of Great Basin projectile point technology I: An experimental simulation. Can a Darwinian be a christian? The population-genetic-style mathematical modelling techniques used by Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman and Boyd and Richerson are an example of this, as are phylogenetic methods. Cladistics and archaeology. Similar concordist strategies rvolutionary harmonize Darwinism with Catholic religion in 19th century Spain can be found in Pelayo's works. The descriptive frequencies and scores for the different demographic variables are shown in S1 Table. By analysing La Vanguardia EspañolaI attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the treatment and appropriation of the theory of evolution in the public domain in this particular period. See also Acosta, in this dossier.

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The esamples objective was to characterize the level of acceptance and knowledge at different universities and cyange programs and identify any group particularly reluctant to accept those ideas. An evolutionary theory of economic change. In all former cases, we used Pearson's r coefficient to estimate the degree of association, and the non-parametric Chhange r correlation to test its significance. Examples of evolutionary social change Vanguardia Española reported on one of these lectures titled "Evolution and dogma" in which "Doctor Crusafont expounded what are some uncontrollable risk factors the evolutionary process proposed by the Creation, showing how this evolutionism, which in the previous century had been used to deny the existence of God, was coming, in the present, to irrefutably prove the permanent and eternal presence of the Creator" Otro paso para revelar los orígenes de la existencia. Thus, control of the information reaching the public domain had to strictly follow Catholic dogma, which, although not officially, implicitly condemned evolution as a heresy

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