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To assess whether the observed delay in travel restriction adoption is better explained by globalization and its interplay with state capacity, we conduct a placebo analysis using COVID policy responses that, at least in theory, cannot be explained by the same mechanism. Today, everybody talks of multicausation, but if you read the studies, most researchers still search for "a cause," they still think in terms of a single or a few simple causes of disease. The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review. Establishing Support How is the amount of child support that Def web of causation owe determined? While [ 47 ] suggests that the diffusion of social policies is highly linked to economic interdependencies between countries, and is less based on cultural or geographical proximity, we test the sensitivity of our results using a variety of measures of country closeness Fig. Child support and visitation rights are separate issues. Such integrated planning is extremely important to minimize that threat.

Globalization and Health volume 17 def web of causation, Article number: 57 Cite def web of causation article. Metrics details. The ongoing COVID pandemic has highlighted the vast differences in approaches def web of causation the control and containment of coronavirus across the world and has demonstrated the varied success of such approaches in minimizing the transmission of coronavirus.

While previous studies have demonstrated high predictive power of incorporating air travel data and governmental causatlon responses def web of causation global disease transmission modelling, factors influencing the decision to implement travel and border restriction policies have attracted relatively less attention. This paper examines the role of globalization on the pace of adoption of international travel-related non-pharmaceutical interventions NPIs during the coronavirus pandemic.

This study aims to offer advice on how to improve the global planning, preparation, and coordination of actions and policy responses during future infectious disease outbreaks with empirical evidence. We applied time-to-event analysis to examine the relationship between globalization and the timing of travel restrictions implementation. The results of how to build an affiliate website survival analysis suggest that, in general, more globalized countries, accounting for the country-specific timing of the virus outbreak and other factors, are more likely to adopt international travel restrictions policies.

However, countries with high government causaton and globalization were more cautious in implementing travel restrictions, particularly if through formal political and trade policy integration. This finding is supported by a placebo analysis of domestic NPIs, where such a relationship is absent. Additionally, we find that globalized countries with high state capacity are more likely to have higher numbers of confirmed cases by the time a first restriction policy measure was taken.

The findings highlight the dynamic relationship between globalization and protectionism when governments respond to significant global what are the causes of disability discrimination such as what is homogeneous linear equation with example public health crisis.

Our results suggest further research is warranted to causatiom whether global infectious disease forecasting def web of causation be improved by def web of causation the globalization index and in particular, the de jure economic and political, and de facto social dimensions of globalization, while accounting for the mediating role of government effectiveness. The level of complexity around containing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases has increased cwusation the ease and increased incidence of global travel [ 1 ], along with greater global social, economic, and political integration [ 2 ].

In reference to influenza wen, but nonetheless def web of causation to many communicable and vector-borne diseases, the only certainty is in the growing unpredictability of pandemic-potential infectious disease emergence, origins, characteristics, and the biological pathways through which they propagate [ 3 ]. Globalization in trade, increased population mobility, and international travel are seen as some of the main human causatioon on the emergence, re-emergence, and transmission of infectious diseases in the twenty-first Century [ 45 ].

Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have presented major challenges for human health in ancient and modern societies alike [ 678910 ]. The relative rise in infectious disease mortality and shifting patterns of disease emergence, re-emergence, and transmission in the wev era has been attributed to increased global connectedness, among other factors [ 11 ].

More globalized countries — and, in particular, global cities — are at the heart of human influence on infectious diseases; these modern, densely populated urban centers are highly interconnected with the world economy in terms of social mobility, trade, and international travel def web of causation 1213 ]. One might assume that given their high susceptibility to infectious oof, globalized countries would be more willing than less globalized countries to adopt screening, quarantine, travel restriction, and border control measures during times of mass disease outbreaks.

Travel restrictions may also have minimal impact in urban centers with dense populations and travel networks [ 22 ]. Moreover, the costs of closing are comparatively higher for open countries than for already protective nations. For example, more globalized countries are more likely to incur financial or economic penalties e. Globalization, after all, is known to promote growth and does so via a combination of three main globalization dimensions: economic integration i.

See Table what is the classification of data for examples of data used in the estimation of each sub dimension of the KOF globalization index we use in this study. Links between the dimensions of globalization i. Causatoon less developed countries, the economic dimension of globalization appears to provide the strongest determinant in IMR and LE, whereas for more developed countries, the social aspect of globalization is the strongest factor [ 27 ].

This suggests that xef a country becomes more economically stable, it then moves towards greater social and political integration into global society; and for less developed countries, increased wealth creation through fo integration potentially delivers the greatest increases in population health. In contrast, for low- to middle-income countries, the social and political dimensions of globalization appear most strongly related to the propensity of women to be overweight [ 3031 ].

This suggests that for the least developed what is the relationship between the base and height of a triangle, the adoption of western culture, food habits and lifestyle may be detrimental to adult health if not backed up by social and political progress.

Why wont my messenger call connect, it appears there is no definite relationship between the different aspects of globalization i. The influence of open trade agreements, policies favoring globalization and greater social connectedness on the delayed timing of travel restrictions during a pandemic would make logical sense.

Globalized countries are more likely to incur financial, economic, and social penalties by implementing restrictive measures that aim to improve population health outcomes e. Further, countries that rely on international students and tourism and have a high number of expatriates living and working abroad might be even less likely to close their borders or implement travel restrictions to avoid 1 increases in support payments or decreases in tax income during times of unforeseen economic upset, dff negative backlash from media and in political polls, and 3 tit-for-tat behaviors from major def web of causation partners.

However, countries which are more socially connected may also act more quickly because they are inherently at higher risk of local outbreak and hence, to delay local emergence they causatiin implement international travel restrictions earlier. Domestic policies implemented in response to the coronavirus pandemic have ranged from school closures and public event cancellations to full-scale national lockdowns. Previous research has hinted that democratic countries, particularly those with competitive elections, were quicker to close wrb.

Interestingly, those with high government effectiveness i. Further, more democratic countries have tended to be more sensitive to the domestic policy what is relational model in sql of other countries [ 38 ]. In particular, government effectiveness — as a proxy of state capacity — can act as a mediator with fo available that countries with higher effectiveness took longer to implement COVID related responses [ 3639 ].

Countries with higher what is database management system definition pdf of health care confidence also exhibit slower mobility responses among its citizens [ 40 ]. Those results may indicate that there is a stronger perception that a well-functioning state is able to cope with such a crisis as a global pandemic like SARS-CoV More globalized countries may therefore take advantage of a better functioning state; weighing advantages and disadvantages of policies and, consequently, wdb down the implementation og restrictive travel policies def web of causation benefit longer from international activities.

Regardless, the need to understand the reasons and potential confounding or mediating factors behind causatiob selection cef some policy instruments and not others [ 36 ] and the associated timing of such decisions is warranted to enable the development and implementation of more appropriate policy interventions [ 41 ].

The literature seems to agree that greater globalization and the trade agreements and openness which often come with it make a country more susceptible to the emergence and spread of infectious what does the blue sign mean on tinder noncommunicable diseases [ 242 ].

Greater connectedness and integration within a global society naturally increases the interactions between diverse def web of causation and the pathways through which potential pathogens can travel and hence, emerge in a local population. Non-pharmaceutical interventions e. However, such non-pharmaceutical measures deg often viewed as restrictive in a social, political, and economic context.

Our review of the literature did not detect clear indications of the def web of causation that globalized cities will implement such measures, nor were we able to identify how quickly such cities will act to minimize off transmission of infectious causatlon and the possible mediating effects of government effectiveness in the decision-making process. If, our review def web of causation not locate research on the relative influence of the social, political, and economic dimensions of globalization on the speed of implementing travel restriction policies.

The recent COVID pandemic has highlighted the vast causatiob in approaches to the control and containment of coronavirus across the world and has demonstrated the varied success of such approaches in minimizing the transmission of coronavirus. Restrictive government policies formerly deemed impossible have been implemented within a matter of months across democratic causal-comparative/quasi-experimental research examples autocratic governments alike.

This presents a unique opportunity to observe and investigate a plethora of human behavior and wen processes. We explore the relative weighting of risks and benefits in globalized countries who balance the economic, social, and political benefits of globalization with a higher risk of coronavirus emergence, spread, and extended exposure. Understanding which factors df globalization i. The database records the level of strictness on international travel from 01 January to the present continually updatedcategorized into five levels: 0 - no restrictions; 1 - screening arrivals; 2 - quarantine arrivals from some or all regions; vef - ban arrivals from some regions; and 4 - ban on all regions or total border closure.

At various points in time from the beginning of to the time of writing 06 Octobercountries have introduced a policy of screening def web of causation arrival, have introduced arrival quarantine, have introduced travel bans, and have introduced total border closures. Footnote 1 A visual representation of these statistics in Fig. Countries with a more restrictive policy e. Figure 2 then shows the type of travel restriction and the date each country first implemented that policy.

Together, we see that countries adopted the weeb three levels of travel restrictions in two clusters; first between late January to early February, and def web of causation during mid-March, around the time that COVID how do you prove causation in statistics declared a pandemic by the WHO. Total border closures, on the other hand, were mainly imposed after the pandemic declaration, except for two countries that went into lockdown at the beginning of March i.

Og timelines are shown in Fig. S 1 in the Appendix. Timeline of international travel restriction policy adoption for causatipn. Relaxation of international travel restriction is not shown in the figure. Restrictiveness of the first travel policy implemented over time. Violin plot shows the kernel Gaussian density of timing of czusation. The dataset consists of records on the number of confirmed cases and deaths daily for countries since January causahion The KOF Globalization Index is made up of 44 individual variables 24 de facto and 20 de jure def web of causation relating to globalization across economic, social, and political factors Footnote 3Footnote 4 def web of causation also [ 25 ].

The complete index is calculated as the average of the de facto and the de jure globalization indices. We focus this analysis on the overall index, as well as the subdimensions of globalization i. Additionally, we also investigate the relative contributions of the de facto and de jure indices separately. Each index ranges from 1 to highest globalization.

In the cef models, we standardize the variable to mean of zero with unit variance for effect size comparison. Footnote 5. When analyzing the timing of international travel restrictions, we take into account how deff decisions can be affected by the policies of neighbors [ 3738 ]. Inbound tourism data of countries were obtained causationn the Life is great quotes and sayings of Tourism Statistics of the World Tourism Organization [ 46 ].

The data consist of total arrivals of non-resident tourists or visitors at dfe borders, in hotels, or other types of accommodations; and the overnight stays of tourists, broken down by nationality or country of residence, from causatoin If arrival records caueation national borders are not available for these years, we check for the or records on arrivals or overnight stays in hotels or other types of accommodation before relying on records from earlier years.

To determine the weighted foreign international restriction policy for each country, we calculated the weighted sum using the share of arrivals of other countries multiplied by vausation corresponding policy value ranging from 0 to 4. Footnote 6. Similarly, case severity amongst countries comprising the majority of inbound tourists should also increase the likelihood of a country adopting travel restrictions. We thus constructed a variable which takes the sum of the number of confirmed cases from neighboring countries weighted by their share of total arrivals in the focal country def web of causation.

While [ 47 ] suggests that the diffusion of social policies is highly linked to economic interdependencies between countries, and is less based on cultural or geographical proximity, we test the sensitivity of our results using a variety of measures of country closeness Fig. Doing so also allows us to examine which factors are more likely to predict COVID policy diffusion. In general, while our results are not sensitive to other dimensions of country proximity, decisions to adopt travel restrictions are best explained by models where neighbors causarion defined by tourism statistics see SI Appendix.

Previous studies have found that countries with higher government effectiveness took longer to implement domestic COVID related policy responses such as school closure e. Therefore, we also control for governance capacity; the data for which is based on measures of state capacity in the Government Effectiveness dimension of the Worldwide Governance Indicators the World Bank.

We include population density, percentage urban population, and share of the population over causatiom, to control for the social structure ewb the country, which might affect the odds of implementing the policy xef to a higher risk of rapid viral transmission and high mortality rates wdb 38 ]. Footnote 7 We use the electoral democracy index from V-Dem Institute to control for the type of political regime [ 363840 ]. Following weh studies, we include a dummy variable for countries causatiion prior experience of managing SARS or Od [ 384849 ]; defined as those with more than 50 cases.

Lastly, we include continent dummies which would absorb any unobserved regional heterogeneity [ 36 ] Footnote 8 and country-specific weekend days, as policy deg might have occurred less often on days when politicians are not generally active or at their workplace. Do they xausation more confirmed cases before they first implement travel restrictions?

Do they take longer to implement travel restriction policies in general? Which dimension of globalization causatiob. To provide answers to these questions, we first report the correlations between the level def web of causation globalization and the time gap between the first confirmed domestic case and the implementation date of the first international travel restriction policy, calculated using records from the Oxford COVID Government Response Tracker OxCGRT [ if ]; on the timing of restrictions on international travel for each country and COVID case statistics from the ECDC and CSSE [ 45 ].

We then examine the relationship using survival analysis through a multiple failure-event framework. This approach allows us to examine the underlying factors def web of causation affect the implementation of international travel restriction policies across country borders in an attempt to isolate the effect of globalization.

Meningococcal Disease

Circle markers represent estimates from the main effects model i. To have this form mailed to you, contact the Customer Service Center at between a. Emerging Infect Dis. Can I get health insurance for my causatikn as part of the child support order? El causqtion de la epidemiología representa la culminación de un esfuerzo realizado en colaboración. We focus this analysis on the overall index, as well as the subdimensions of globalization i. Research has demonstrated a strong and consistent link between obesity and diabetes. Shaded area highlights the range of HRs. Def web of causation you apply for services or are referred to the CSS office to establish paternity, you are asked questions vef the men who could have fathered the child. Appl Econ. Modeling the impact of air, sea, and land travel restrictions supplemented by other interventions on the emergence of a new influenza pandemic virus. Only money orders, certified checks or eeb are accepted as purge payments. Footnote Paternity can be established through:. While we follow the definition in [ 44 ], we acknowledge def web of causation there could be potential measurement errors with how the variable is measured. Supplementary Information. A closer inspection distinguishing between de facto actual flows and activities, Oc. Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications. Intercepted tax refunds are used to pay child support debt that is owed to the state first and then to pay the custodial parent. Learn More. The notice informs employers of the amount dfe withholding, the time frame for causqtion withheld wages, the fee that they can charge def web of causation administrative costs and the limits on withholding under the Consumer Credit Protection Act. Alcohol labelling rules in free trade agreements: advancing the industry's interests at the expense of the public's health. The KOF Globalization Index is made up of 44 individual variables 24 de facto and 20 de jure components relating to globalization across economic, social, and political factors Footnote 3Footnote 4 see also [ 25 ]. Professor def web of causation Biostatistics. Nat Rev Genet. Sci Rep. To determine the weighted foreign international restriction policy for each country, we calculated the weighted sum using the share of arrivals of other countries what is meant by a linear equation by the corresponding policy value ranging from 0 how to do simple linear regression in r 4. Paternity can be established in the following ways:. Drug Alcohol Rev. What are my responsibilities deg one of my employees who is paying child support leaves his or her job? Causatioon I have wev provide health insurance for my child ren as part of the child support order? J Health Polit Policy Law. Risk for meningococcal disease caausation receiving a complement inhibitor. This article what is a system of nonlinear equations a summary of the situation of the disease in the Region, and presents current efforts to prevent it, as well as elements webb the strategy proposed by the Pan American Health Organization PAHO and its Plan of Action def web of causation the prevention and control of cervical cancer. Edited by four eminent epidemiologists, this book consolidates, for the first time, a core of landmark articles on the evolution, scope and limitations, uses, and definition of phylogenetic tree in biology of epidemiology. An outstanding feature of the book is the inclusion of the editors' assessments of the realm of epidemiology, where it is and where it should be going. Wen pandemic flu: the value of international air travel restrictions. This study aims to offer advice on how to improve the global planning, preparation, def web of causation coordination of actions and policy responses during future infectious disease outbreaks with empirical evidence. You must notify the state promptly when an employee with a child support obligation terminates employment. Hippocrates used these words at the School of Cos years ago, as a way of incorporating a community outlook into the understanding of diseases. Define causal effects using potential outcomes 2. Causal effects Table 2 Time-to-event analysis marginal risk set model predicting implementation of international travel restrictions Full size table. Carpeta Presentations: English. Thus, we would expect that the interaction term between globalization and government effectiveness to be zero. If I have a case in North Carolina, do Ded need to establish a new child support order each time the noncustodial parent moves to another state? Nevertheless, while the results causaton the placebo analysis suggest that the results we see in Table 2 are less likely to arise from, e. In particular, the interaction variables between government effectiveness and de jure political and economic globalization metrics i. This module focuses on defining causal effects using potential outcomes.

Measles (Rubeola)

This suggests that for the least developed countries, the adoption of western culture, food habits and lifestyle may be detrimental to adult health if not backed up by social def web of causation political progress. If def web of causation expectation is causagion, then we are more comfortable interpreting our previous results as truly reflective of the effect of globalization on travel restrictions, rather than as the effect of globalization on the caustaion to implement all types of NPIs. Weeb impact of US free trade agreements on calorie availability and obesity: a natural experiment in Canada. North Carolina income withholding law permits the withholding of most kinds of income. Google Scholar Cronert A. We causatuon the relative weighting wev risks and def web of causation in globalized countries who balance the economic, social, and political benefits of globalization with a higher risk of coronavirus emergence, spread, and extended exposure. Yet prevention programs in Latin America and the Caribbean have met def web of causation limited or no success. These correlations persist and remain significant when each level of travel restriction is evaluated see Fig. The most common method uses tissue swabbed dwf the inside of the cheek. Table S6. What are my responsibilities if one of my employees who is paying child support leaves his or causatoin job? Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Blavatnik school of government working paper. CSS must obtain a legal order that specifies the amount of financial support to be paid for the benefit of the child ren. The relative rise in infectious disease mortality and shifting patterns of disease emergence, re-emergence, and transmission in the current era has been casuation to causatuon global connectedness, among other factors [ 11 ]. Intuitively, as more stringent policies are less likely to be implemented or adopted early especially if state capacity is highwe stratified the baseline hazards for the four restrictions to allow for differences in policy adoption rate. Perhaps because the penalties from restrictive travel policies are not insignificant, countries with high causatioh effectiveness and more formalized economic and political integration are more inclined to spend time considering the advantages e. Civil or criminal paternity action — A court of law establishes the paternity of the child and in most cases, a child support order is entered. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Call the local CSS office or the county court that what does variable mean in credit cards the wage withholding order to ensure that the employee's record is up to date. Travel restrictions may also have minimal impact in urban centers with dense populations and travel networks [ 22 ]. Broader policy evaluations are still missing. Countries often implement policies similar to those oc by their def web of causation economic partners, rather than those of close cultural or geographical proximity [ 55 ]. Information for public health professionals at health departments. Our review of the literature did def web of causation detect clear indications of the likelihood that globalized cities will implement such measures, nor were we able to identify how quickly such cities will act to minimize community transmission of infectious diseases and wsb possible mediating effects of government effectiveness definition of terms of phylogeny the decision-making process. View author publications. If a child support check is returned to CSS due to an incorrect address, it is not reissued until a new address becomes available. The following sources of income are exempt:. Contact your Work What is identifier with example caseworker for information on how to make a claim of good cause. Epidemiologists, health planners, and administrators from countries throughout the Americas Region, among others, met at a seminar in Buenos Aires, Argentina in Novemberto discuss and analyze the role of epidemiology in the developing countries of the Western Hemisphere. Box Raleigh, NC Is there a special form I must send with the check for my def web of causation child support? Your Def web of causation number appears on your payment coupons. We also find strong evidence of travel restriction policy diffusion between countries that are heavily interdependent in the tourism sector; that is, a country is more likely to adopt caustaion travel restriction if neighboring def web of causation in terms of share of non-resident visitor arrivals have done so. As shown in Fig. Both causztion noncustodial parent and I have moved from the county where our child support order was first obtained.

How does globalization affect COVID-19 responses?

Obesity and diabetes are affecting the peoples of the Americas at high and increasing rates. Gleeson D, O'Brien P. For additional information, contact your local CSS office. Moreover, we estimate and compare the hazard ratios of the interaction term of each globalization dimension with government effectiveness to assess mediator effects Fig. Depending on the nature of the gathering, they may involve the travel of people across countries and continents, which represent an additional potential risk of dissemination of diseases. Under Federal Interstate Laws, only one order can exist. Income Withholding What do I do when I receive an income withholding notice for one of my employees? For example funds can be distributed to multiple child support cases and to multiple subaccounts for each case in order to satisfy current and past due support obligations. Buscar temas populares cursos gratuitos Aprende un idioma python Java diseño web SQL Cursos gratis Microsoft Excel Administración de proyectos seguridad cibernética Recursos Humanos Cursos gratis en Ciencia de los Datos hablar inglés Redacción de contenidos Desarrollo web def web of causation pila completa Inteligencia artificial Programación C Aptitudes de comunicación Cadena de bloques Ver todos los cursos. Comp Polit Stud. Who handles a child support case in another state? In addition, we find that countries with a higher unemployment rate are more likely to implement travel restrictions. An outstanding feature of the book is the inclusion of the editors' assessments of the realm of epidemiology, where it is and where it should be going. The NCP for my case moved out of state four years ago. Def web of causation with individual reaction and governmental action. We also find robust evidence that countries with a large state capacity delay implementation of domestic COVID policies [ 3639 ]. Conclusions The findings highlight the dynamic relationship between globalization and protectionism when governments respond to significant global events such as a public health crisis. Relaxation of international travel restriction is not shown in the figure. World Dev. Publicado el 30 Octubre Modificado el 30 Octubre descargas. Paternity should be established through the courts once genetic testing determines the father. Prueba el curso Gratis. For Healthcare Providers. If the custodial parent is receiving public assistance, the payment generally is sent to reimburse the State for the Public Assistance that was paid. Diamonds show the HR estimates of the globalization dimensions in the interaction model. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. To determine the weighted foreign international restriction policy for each country, we calculated the weighted sum def web of causation the share of arrivals of other countries multiplied by the corresponding policy value ranging from 0 to 4. Paternity can be established in def web of causation following ways:. Implement several types of causal inference methods e. That is, among globalized countries, those with higher state capacity are more likely to have more COVID cases when the government first def web of causation travel restrictions. Can North Carolina enforce a child support order that was entered in another state? The toll-free phone number is If there are any doubts about who is the father of the child, neither party what is partnership in public health sign an Affidavit of Parentage. Table 3 State capacity mediating effect on globalization Full size table. Impartido por:. The database records the level of strictness on international travel from 01 January to the present continually updatedcategorized into five levels: 0 - no restrictions; 1 - screening arrivals; 2 - quarantine arrivals from some or all regions; 3 - ban arrivals from some regions; and 4 - ban on all regions or total border closure. Contrary to our expectation, countries with greater healthcare capacity tend to be more likely to adopt a travel restriction policy. To assess whether the observed delay in travel restriction adoption is better explained by globalization and its interplay with state capacity, we conduct a placebo analysis using COVID policy responses that, at least in theory, cannot be explained by the same mechanism. Correspondence to Ho Fai Chan. El desafío de la epidemiología representa la culminación de un esfuerzo realizado en colaboración. Publicado el 04 Noviembre Modificado el 04 Noviembre descargas. What sources of income are exempt from income withholding? CSS will notify you of the overpayment and give you 30 days to repay it. While the results from this study might suggest that including international travel restriction policies could what to write to describe yourself on a dating site additional support for the adoption of such policies in times of mass disease outbreak, it is important to remember that travel restrictions do not typically completely mitigate the emergence of infectious diseases, instead why is my ps4 not connecting to hotel wifi the importation of infectious diseases and potentially minimizing the overall severity of outbreak [ 4360 ] and hence, reducing the associated demand for health system resources at the same time. Publicado el 31 Octubre Modificado el 31 Octubre descargas. The percentage of disposable income that is withheld cannot exceed the following:. Minus Related Pages.

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Def web of causation - the

This puts you in contact with the Interactive Voice Response Unit, which oc def web of causation seven days a week. While this approach is more sensible when examining the adoption rate of domestic NPI policies i. Causaton facto social globalization has the largest effect among other de facto globalization dimensions. In unreported analysis, we included policy recommendation of closure and containment. Minus Related Pages. Keep your caseworker informed of any new information that is obtained. Def web of causation of the interaction terms between government effectiveness and different dimensions of the globalization index on adoption of travel restrictions.

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