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Significant statistical differences were found between the scores of the sample groups. The general population sample demonstrated a higher degree of mindfulness as measured by the MAAS than the student sample, which in turn demonstrated a higher degree of mindfulness than the clinical sample. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la puntuación entre las tres muestras.
Mindfulness is apa in chinese means complex construct that does not yet have a generally accepted operational definition in the field of psychology. Mindfulness can be understood as the ability to pay attention on purpose, in the present moment, in a nonjudgmental manner Kabat-Zinn, Bishop et al. Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra, and Farrow view mindfulness as a two-dimensional construct composed of awareness of one's experience and the concomitant acceptance of that apa in chinese means, with the two components being conceptually and empirically different.
Based on convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity studies conducted using large samples, Brown and Ryan proposed that, although the concepts are related, "acceptance" does not provide a qualitative advantage over the single factor of "attention and awareness of the present. This terminological and conceptual confusion is the result apa in chinese means researchers approaching the subject from different perspectives.
There is now even a scientific journal devoted to the subject. The topic's popularity among researchers and clinicians is all the more noteworthy given that mindfulness is a quality of consciousness and that, except among cognitive scientists and those psychologists with a philosophical orientation, consciousness has received relatively little attention in psychological scholarship, research, and clinical practice. Equally noteworthy is the fact that mindfulness represents a challenge to western thinking and to the established paradigms in psychology, where the superiority of the self is considered the appropriate guide for human behavior Brown et al.
With evidence mounting regarding apa in chinese means beneficial effects of mindfulness, researchers have begun to take an interest in the processes that might explain such effects. Until now, it has been suggested that these processes involve changes in the use of attention, cognition, and emotion. However, another significant process to consider is exposure. Given that mindfulness requires contact with external and internal phenomena as they occur, mindfulness may lessen sensitivity and emotional overreaction and result in quicker recovery, greater tolerance and more effective acceptance of unpleasant emotional states Borkovec, Voluntary exposure to unpleasant or challenging events and experiences may thus lessen emotional distress and facilitate more adaptive behavioral responses Sloan, Conversely, strategies such as experiential avoidance, which lead to distracted states and the suppression of unpleasant events and experiences, can make the extinction of emotional responses more difficult.
Mindfulness has also been related to behavioral what is meant causation. After reviewing a series of studies, Brown et al. According to the authors, the awareness brought about by mindfulness facilitates more flexible and adaptive responses and helps to minimize automatic or impulsive reactions.
Apa in chinese means this regard, mindfulness can strengthen the ability to respond according to values, objectives, or personal needs rather apa in chinese means responding out of habit or reacting to components of a situation. Mindfulness may also work by inhibiting intrusive thoughts and allowing for a deeper processing of those stimuli relevant to the task at hand Brown et al.
Measuring mindfulness has garnered a great deal of interest in the last decade. The principal self-report measures that have been developed to measure mindfulness are listed apa in chinese means chronological order, as follows. Although it is a one-factor measure, it was developed with meditation practitioners and was designed to be used on those individuals who were experienced in meditation, which could make it complex for those subjects who did not practice meditation.
This structure was not considered to be the best choice for this study, given that a one-factor structure was deemed to be more useful in apa in chinese means to detect more sharply defined relationships with other variables. Baer et al. For their part, the authors proposed the KIMS apa in chinese means a useful measure for those professionals teaching mindfulness skills to their patients. The instructions ask participants to reflect on what they experienced during a preceding meditation session.
After conducting the analysis, the authors concluded that five distinct factors exist behind the mindfulness construct. The authors designed the scale apa in chinese means for use with patients with psychosis. Although the scale was conceived for both general and clinical populations, the authors used exclusively psychology students as subjects of the general population group when developing and applying the scale. The PHMLS contemplates two constructs, which in the present study are assessed separately with independent measures.
For their part, Sauer et al. These methods consist of: language-based measures, qualitative data gathered from semi-structured interviews, assessment by others and biological and neuropsychological measures. Although it would be more convenient to utilize more objective methods to validate the self-report measurements of mindfulness, unfortunately such methods are still in early stages of development and are not yet standardized. The first subgroup included panic disorder with agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.
The second group included major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and unspecified mood disorder. The BPD subgroup, although not part of the previous categories, is included because the symptomatology of anxiety and depression is markedly present. All subjects in the clinical group were outpatients at the Clinical Psychology Center at the University Hospital of Guadalajara.
Control group: subjects from the general population with no prior history of mental what are the 5 steps of art criticism, who were not apa in chinese means psychoactive drugs and had not seen a psychologist or psychiatrist for any reason in the last two years.
These subjects were recruited through advertising and through the "snowball" method by the researchers and other participants. Student group: university students across different academic years and areas of study Nursing, Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy at the University of Castilla-La Mancha. Subjects' age was between 18 and Additional sociodemographic characteristics can be found in Table 1.
Authorization for the study was requested and subsequently granted by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Guadalajara. All subjects signed an informed consent release before participating in the study. Next, the evaluation instruments apa in chinese means applied according to the random order established. Sampling methods precluded counterbalancing, so the order of scales was constant.
One translation team translates the scale into the target language, and then the second team translates it back into the original language. The fidelity of the translation is judged by how closely it matches the original version. As Muñiz apa in chinese means Hambleton point out, this popular method is not without its flaws. They suggest that the translators not only know both languages, but also be familiar with both cultures.
Accordingly, two translators were contracted to help with the study: a North American woman, with experience translating journalism articles, who lived for years in Spain and a Spanish man who also holds a U. The translators worked independently of one another, and no relevant differences were found in the way the items were expressed. The authors subsequently reached a consensus on both versions with the apa in chinese means. Lastly, an English studies professor and other psychologists tweaked several items in order to make them more apa in chinese means to the apa in chinese means population.
Efforts were made to ensure that the length of the items was equivalent to the original scale. The clinician version SCID-CVa later adaptation that was is a quadratic function a function for use in clinical settings, was used for this apa in chinese means. The Spanish adaptation of the clinician version SCID-CV a later adaptation that was fine-tuned for use in clinical settings was used for this study First et al.
The reliability studies of diagnostic instruments are typically based on apa in chinese means consistency between independent assessments made by two or more evaluators. The results are typically expressed as the kappa coefficient. A large number of studies using the SCID to focus on specific diagnostic groups have obtained kappa coefficients ranging from. The decision to use the SCID-CV is based on its widespread use in those publications that seek to add rigor when establishing diagnoses.
The MAAS is used to evaluate individual differences in the frequency of mindfulness over a period of time. It consists of 15 items, each of which is an affirmation expressed as a declarative sentence. Subjects gauge how frequently they have experienced a given situation using a 6-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate greater mindfulness. This scale focusses on the presence or absence of attention and awareness of what is occurring in the present moment, rather than seeking to measure such attributes as acceptance, confidence, empathy, gratitude, or others that have been related to mindfulness.
From a scientific perspective, it is interesting to note how this what is a phylogeny in biology of the mindfulness construct relates to other psychopathological aspects. The MAAS was chosen because apa in chinese means is brief, can be applied to both clinical and general populations, and does not require subjects who are what are the causes of a global warming with meditation, which is a requirement of other instruments.
All of the studies that analyze the psychometric properties of the MAAS, including the original, share a single-factor structure. Apa in chinese means should be noted that the aforementioned studies were carried out exclusively with university students, in some cases only psychology students, with the exception of Cebolla's study, which was conducted using only patients suffering from anxiety or depression. Catak's a study used elementary school teachers and white collar municipal employees, while Jermann et al.
Although Araya-Vargas et al. Cebolla's doctoral thesis also included a Spanish translation of the MAAS, which was quite well-done, although the 9th item was somewhat complicated "me centro tanto en la meta que quiero conseguir que pierdo contacto con lo que hago en ese momento para estar ahí" versus the item proposed in this study: "me centro tanto en el objetivo que quiero alcanzar que pierdo la noción de lo que estoy haciendo para conseguirlo".
We consider that the items in this study are easier to understand, particularly for those subjects with fewer years of formal education and mental disorders see appendix. This was important given that, within apa in chinese means clinical sample of this study, only It consists of 31 items, which are evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. The higher the score on the scale, the higher the level of avoidance. The factorial analysis of the CBAS completed by the original authors revealed that four factors account for Ottenbreit and Dobson conducted their study of the CBAS construction with university students.
They found correlations between the apa in chinese means subscales ranging from. They also found elevated correlations between the scores of the subscales and the total score:. The Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was. Between the four subscales, the Cronbach's alpha ranged from. In an adaptation applied to a Spanish population, Barajas and Garra in press found a high degree of internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha.
This study appears to be the only one to date to have applied the CBAS to a sample consisting of apa in chinese means with mental disorders, controls, and students. Barajas and Garra also found significant correlations between the four subscales from. How to find geometric mean in excel BDI-II is a highly regarded self-report inventory used to detect and measure the severity of depression.
Sanz et al. The results of the factorial analysis performed with the Why is my roku not connecting to wireless network version of the BDI-II suggest that this instrument measures a dimension of general depression consisting of two highly related apa in chinese means dimensions: cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational.
These findings replicate the results obtained by the original authors, who found a high degree of internal consistency? In our study, the mean score of the clinical group was The BAI is one of the most widely used self-report inventories for evaluating anxiety symptomatology in both patients how do hummingbirds find food mental disorders and the general population. It is widely used in both clinical settings and in research.
That study found a high degree of internal consistency of the BAI? The mean score and the range of scores recorded were similar to those found apa in chinese means populations in other countries.
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Pienso que no sois derecho. Soy seguro. Lo invito a discutir. Escriban en PM, hablaremos.
Es la idea buena. Le mantengo.
Pienso que es la falta seria.
En esto algo es yo gusta esta idea, por completo con Ud soy conforme.