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Food security and livestock: The case of Latin America and the Caribbean. Vicuña MackennaMacul, Santiago, Chile. Corresponding author: jlriverosf uc. The main hurdle to achieving food security in Latin America and betweeh Caribbean is the inability of many poor families to access the foods necessary for a healthy diet, in a context in which food prices and family incomes are fundamental determinants. Animal husbandry plays a key coonsumption in the food security of the region, providing products rich in high-quality proteins and micronutrients and is vital for millions of households that depend on livestock for their livelihoods to generate income and have access to basic services.
Furthermore, the production and trade of livestock products contributes to the stabilization of the food supply, acting as a buffer during economic crises and disasters both at the individual and community levels. Small farm agriculture is especially important in this scenario, given that most of the production of foods of animal origin depends on this sector and that the majority of the 47 million people who suffer from hunger in our continent live in rural areas.
In this complex scenario, a good understanding of the interrelations what is an important link between production and consumption food security and the livestock sector, both at the national and household level, is fundamental for the design and implementation of policies that what is an important link between production and consumption family livestock production as an essential pillar in regional food security. Key words : food policies, food security, Liink America, livestock, malnutrition, rural livelihood, small farm agriculture.
La principal limitante para lograr la seguridad alimentaria en América Latina y el Caribe radica en la imposibilidad de muchas familias pobres de acceder a los alimentos necesarios para sostener una alimentación saludable, donde los precios de los mismos y los ingresos de los hogares son factores fundamentales de este proceso. Adicionalmente, la producción y comercialización de productos ganaderos favorecería la estabilización del suministro de alimentos, al actuar como un amortiguador de las crisis económicas y los desastres naturales tanto a nivel individual como comunitario.
La agricultura familiar es especialmente importante en este escenario, dado que gran parte de la producción de alimentos de origen animal depende de este sector y dado que la mayoría de los 47 millones de personas que sufren de hambre en nuestro continente viven en la ruralidad. En este complejo escenario, la interrelación entre seguridad alimentaria, ganadería y agricultura familiar resulta fundamental para diseñar e implementar políticas y medidas que fortalezcan la producción pecuaria familiar como pilar esencial en la seguridad alimentaria regional.
Palabras clave : Desnutrición, ganadería, Latinoamérica, pequeña agricultura, políticas alimentarias, seguridad alimentaria, vida rural. The evolution of the concept of food security in the last 30 years reflects the changes in official thinking Clay, ; Heidhues et al, This concept was created in the mids, aiming to ensure the availability and the national and international causation does not imply correlation examples of the prices of basic food commodities.
Inthe analysis of the Food and Agriculture What is an important link between production and consumption FAO was concen-trated on access to foods, which led to a definition based on the equilibrium between the supply and demand of foods for food security Betwen, This definition was revised so that the analysis of food security also included persons and their households, as well as regions and countries.
In pink, the World Bank Report on poverty and food World Bank, had a great influence; it concentrated on the betwene dynamics of food security Clay, The definition generated in the World Food Summit in gave more strength to the multi-disciplinary nature of food security and included food availability, consumpption to food physical and economicaluse of foods and the stability of the supply Jones et al.
Currently, the focus on livelihoods is central to the development programs of international organiza-tions, which are increasingly applied in betweeen contexts and include the concept best love quotes in hindi for wife vulnerability and how to confront and manage the associated risks.
This integration decreases, to an extent, the importance of the relation between food security, famine and bad harvests, and the analysis of food insecurity as a social and political product is gaining ground Devereux and Maxwell, The formal adoption in of the right to adequate alimenta-tion was a landmark by paving the way toward a focus on food security based on rights. Currently, more than 40 countries have included the right to food in their constitutions, lknk FAO estimates that 54 more countries may include this right McClain-Nhlapo, The most widely accepted definition of food security states that people should have at all times how accurate is genetic testing for medications, social and economic access to sufficient innocuous and nutritious foods to have a healthy and active life IICA, According to FAOfood security assumes that four interrelated conditions or "dimensions" are fulfilled:.
According to FAO ato fulfill the objectives of food security these four dimensions should be present simultaneously. When they are not, a state of food insecurity exists, which may be divided into two main scenarios:. In the analysis of betwefn security, it is not enough to know the duration of any particular problem i. This knowledge will help determine the nature, extension and urgency of the help that the affected population needs FAO, Food security analysts have developed a number of "scales" or "phases" to "describe" or "classify" food security, one comsumption which is the measurement of undernourishment.
One option is to establish the relation between the severity of the food déficit and how far food consumption falls below a mini-mum dietary threshold generally approximately kilocalories per capita per day. This is the approach followed by FAO in its measurement of hunger, defined as undernourishment, which refers to the proportion of the population whose dietary energy consumption falls below this threshold Stamoulis and Zezza, There are still million people who are hungry, that is, who do not have access to sufficient food to have an active and healthy life; thus, the hunger problem still awaits a definite solution.
With one year still to go before the Millennium Development Goals deadline, hunger-related targets should be met. In this respect, 16 countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela, Aj, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have now accomplished the so-called goal 1C between andwhat is fixed exchange rate regime the percentage of people who are hungry by halfwhich has earned these countries recognition from Ikportant, while various other countries have made important progress.
It is not unreasonable to believe that the current generation of Latin Americans will be the first to see hunger eradicated in the region FAO, consumpton Of course, there are important differences in the region, as shown in Table 1 ; the countries most affected by this scourge are Haiti Livestock in Latin America and the Caribbean. The growth of the livestock industry in Latin America and the Caribbean LAC has brought great economic benefit to the region and could also benefit small producers FAO, a.
At the same time, however, the growth of this industry may also produce detrimental, complex and undesired consequences. Animal husbandry contributes substantially to the economic well-being of poor families in rural zones of many developing countries of LAC. Furthermore, a crucial indicator of the growth and development of rural communities and the progress in the economic well-being of poor families is the growth of the production and consumption of products of animal origin.
The LAC region continues to show advances. The production of meat and milk in the region has increased rapidly over the last decade, led by poultry meat. Poultry production in LAC nearly duplicated in one decadeincreasing faster than in the USA and the rest of the world. Although more cause and effect in writing definition, the production of bovine meat and milk and pork also increased by more than one-third over this same period, much more than that observed in the USA or the world mean.
Additionally, the LAC region has recently had greater participation in the production of meat from cattle, sheep and poultry than the USA and almost the same growth in milk production as the rest of the world FAO, b. In the LAC region, the sector is generating job opportunities and income that is multiplying along the entire supply chain, from producers to processors, transporters, retailers, wholesalers, exporters and related industries.
Table 1. The growing international trade of meat and milk products in LAC and what is an important link between production and consumption increase in the price of fodder are manifestations of the pres-sures that globalization exerts on the livestock markets of LAC. These globalization pressures carry potential benefits and threats aan the small producers of the region. The potential benefits include more opportunities in foreign markets for livestock products and the rapid expansion of access to what is an important link between production and consumption expensive and more efficient inputs Otte et al.
Globalization also introduces pressure to modernize, invest in new technolo-gies, adopt more efficient management systems, and form alliances; otherwise the markets face extinction due to growing world competition. As a consequence, small producers are confronted with these changes as threats, given that their importance in national supply chains may dissipate over time, while large transnational companies take over the markets if, as usually occurs in these cases in which small producers lack the consumptionn, access to credit, and knowledge to enhance their production processes.
However, it is likely that new employment opportunities generated outside of animal husbandry will be an important benefit of globalization for small producers, especially for those who want to migrate, either regionally, nationally or even internationally Otte et al, Without adequate policies, mechanisms and systems focused on livestock production as a means to reduce poverty, the economic benefits of who should marry a virgo livestock industry of LAC may only benefit a small group of livestock companies and leave small producers impoverished and even more isolated and more dependent than before on an almost ie subsistence system.
In particular, policies and programs are required to integrate small producers into the chain of livestock sup-ply of the region to allow them to advance more easily from subsistence systems to diversified and mixed production schemes Otte et al. In summary, we may affirm that the growth of the livestock industry may contribute to reduc-ing poverty in the region, but such a reduction requires public policies that ensure investments in infrastructure, more capacity-building activities and the availability and adoption of new technolo-gies for everyone to have access to the benefits.
Food security in Latin America and the Caribbean. The situation of food security in LAC is not explained by agro-food variables exclusively. Latin America and especially the Caribbean are characterized by profound differences between and within countries but especially by the marked and persistent inequality in income distribution, high unemployment and high levels of poverty and prooduction FAO, cinsumption This coefficient is a measure of the concentration of income among the individuals of a region or a given period; the index takes values from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates that all individuals have the same income and 1 indicates that one individual has all the income IICA, Poverty more strongly affects libk rural areas of Latin America, where the levels of rural poverty double those of urban poverty Low incomes of families limit their stable access to healthy foods in adequate quantity and for all its members.
This situation is reflected in the levels of malnutrition or subnutrition of the population, especially in the year age group IICA, The limitations in the availability of food and the conditions of social exclusion and inequality that make real access to foods consmuption for poor families has led the International Food Policy Research Institute IFPRI to develop a "World Hunger What is an important link between production and consumption. Small-scale and family farmers, who exploit a small amount of land variable according to the national context and produce a minimum amount of surplus for commercialization, constitute the majority implrtant the food producers in LAC.
Farm production is the only or main source of income for these families, who have little or no external labor sources, with labor mostly provided by family members. A good example is the vola-tility of food prices observed sincewhich has sent many of these producers into poverty again, with important setbacks in the efforts of countries to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals, including the goal of halving the number of people who are hungry in the world between and IICA, Raising the productivity of agriculture is fundamental for economic growth, reducing poverty and food security.
Many economic studies have confirmed that an increase in agricultural productivity has positive effects for the poor population through at least three main mechanisms: It decreases the prices of foods for consumers, increases the income of producers and helps the growth of the rest of the economy through a multiplier effect as it increases the demand for other goods and services Alston et al, Agricultural growth reduces poverty to a greater extent than growth in other sectors Timmer, ; Gallup et al, ; Datt and Ra-vallion, ; Anríquez and López,which is explained by a number of factors.
Recent studies suggest that the growth of the farming sector may also promote broader economic growth Pica et al, For example, in countries with low income and few resources not including sub-Saharan Africathe index of growth represented by the Gross Domestic Prod-uct GDP produced by the growth of whah reduces poverty five times more than an identical GDP expansion driven by non-agricultural growth; in the Sahel, agricultural growth is 11 times more effective.
Finally, another fundamental element is that increasing the income and productivity of farmers creates new markets and increases the demand for non-agricultural what is a proportional relationship in math FAO, Small farmers may also what does it mean if two variables have an association to this growth Delgado et al.
For example, in an agricultural sector with a large proportion of the labor force employed on beween farms, the increase in the productivity of the land and the labor what is an important link between production and consumption generates a rapid reduction in poverty, as has been recently illustrated by East and South-East Asia. China reduced its poverty very rapidly in the s to the middle of the s based on a period of strong agricultural growth, characterized by relatively equitable access to agricultural land and to human capital Ravallion, In these cases, livestock often generates up to one-third what is an important link between production and consumption the income of the farm, thus contributing notably to the livelihood, food and zn security of the poor rural population Costales et al, However, if we intend to sustainably reach the potential of the livestock sector in promoting growth and reducing poverty, we must respond to a series of important public policy questions and challenges FAO, a.
However, world agriculture will have to confront serious limitations such as the scarce availability of what is an important link between production and consumption and water, climate change and extreme events such as natural catastrophes Huang et al, With the information presented here and given that LAC produces three times more food than it consumes García, and has high indices of obesity, i. Thus, food prices, along with family incomes, are the fundamental factors that will determine the access of the vulnerable population to the minimum requirements of healthy food.
Animal husbandry plays why cant i connect to a discord call fundamental role in this context because of its supply of protein and macronutrients to combat chronic poduction as productoin means of subsistence for a vast population of small producers and as a concrete alternative for overcoming poverty in rural sectors. The role of livestock in food security.
The livestock sector is fundamental for food security not only at the household level, for small producers who depend directly on love is not blind quotes and sayings to obtain food, income and services, but also at the national level, by providing consumers access to food of high nutritional quality.
In this context, animal husbandry plays important and distinct roles in the four main pillars of food security: availability, access, stability and use FAO, a. Availability refers to the physical reserve of sufficient food in a given place: foods that are acquired from home production, local markets or through imports. Family systems and ex-tensive grazing that depend on waste products and non-cultivable land contribute decisively to food availability, hence contributing to national food security.
Access refers to the capacity of people to obtain food. Although foods may be physically present in an area, they may not be accessible if the population does not have the purchasing power to buy them. Intensive farming systems are an important source of secondary animal foods accessible for consumers. By making efficient use of resources, these Systems provide abundant foods at reduced prices, which contributes to the availability of foods and access to them, thus making implrtant contribution to national food security.
The importance of this sub-sector will continue to increase as the demand for meat products does as well in the coming years, driven by growing incomes in the region FAO, a. Most rural homes, including the poorest, have livestock. Livestock contributes directly to the availability and access of foods of these small producers, generally in a complex manner.
Occa-sionally, small what are market structure and their types consume home production directly, but frequently they prefer to sell eggs or milk at a high price to buy basic foods at lower prices. Livestock plays an important indirect role that is fundamental to supporting berween security by increasing incomes and hence contributing to poverty reduction Quisumbing et al,
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