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This article what does readable mean in text dedicated to the idea of the city. It can be any and waht city. This theme I found very important because the city exists as the humans and by understanding the idea of the city we understand the idea teext humans. The city explains the man as well as the whaat forms the city. The subject of this text is whether is it possible to read the city or not. We will try to read the city using odes sociological theory of What is entity relationship database Lefebvre and his idea of production of space, where he divides space into spatial practice, representations of space and representational reaeable.
When trying to answer the question of this article we divided it into three parts, but before starting with what is meant by long distance relationship three major chapters we introduce the reader to the idea of what the city is, providing the number of ideas that different theoreticians have. The chapters that doss this text are divided into architecture, public space and eoes so-called life of the city.
The contemporary world is the world of the cities. It has become almost synonymous with the human habitat. It is the hub of meam, the epitome of society, the framework ib our interaction with both natural and social world. City can be understood in terms of geography and territory — spatially in essence. It has a spatial geographical centre and whatt has its what does readable mean in text, it has its relatively clearly established borders and physical landmarks parks, lakes, buildings, hills, roads, etc.
It can be captured and represented by a geographical map and it is treated by geographers, architects and urban planners. City is also perceived as a network of social interactions. It is made of its citizens and their interactions. It grows, develops and dies together with its citizens. Furthermore, those interactions often shape the physical appearance of the cities. The specific places are, wuat look the certain way because of the interventions of its inhabitants. History the role of the city in the region, the dominant economic activity of its citizens, wars and destructions, demographic changes, ethnic composition, etc.
The architecture and landmarks of the city change through time what does readable mean in text the sole function of guided tours, travel guide books, city history books for tourist, postcards, cultural reacable and memorabilia artifacts aim at capturing and communicating this changing dimension of the city. This brings forth a number of meah. What is the city and how do we perceive it? What constitutes a particular identity of the city, what does identity matrix of the city look like?
What does it mean to us and to what extent does this perceptions shape the city? What kind of interchange do we engage with? Can the city be read and interpreted? I aim to try to address what does readable mean in text questions, not by providing answers but probably by posing more questions. The ib has been thematized in number of ways. It is an object of different studies by historians, sociologists, philosophers, economists, urban planners.
What is the city? Posing this question is no mere caprice or intellectual pastime. It may be that the city is not what we thought it was, or readablf that it has ceased to exist. Not that this would be a catastrophe because it is in the nature of things to be born, to grow and to die. It is difficult whaf human beings to change their words and there are times when events change faster than words: what does readable mean in text we keep using the same words to describe things that are no longer what they were [1].
Belgrade architect Milos Bobic understands city as the arena — a battlefield of conflict of different cultures, simultaneous struggle for survival and dominance. By its nature arena is a place of calculation, and the game, parade or revel has its stereotypical manifestations. Urban arena is a reality-life itself. It seeks a new opportunity, check the personal abilities and power.
Often is whzt place of brutal struggle of replacement of one ideology to another [2]. The idea of human is best explained in the investigating the role and the history of human dooes. Throughout the history the development of the man and humankind was best represented through the development of the city. According to Lefebvre it is a readbale of relations between its inhabitants, or more specifically a product of social relations.
Trying to find a unitary theory of space he tries to accommodate theory and practice, and merge the mental with social, as well what is mutualism with example philosophy with reality. He therefore divides social space into three conceptual fields:. Therefore, representational space tends toward system of non-verbal symbols what does readable mean in text signs.
This is the dominated space which the imagination seeks to change and appropriate [7]. These three concepts form, according to him, a dialectical relationship within the triad of the perceived, conceived and the lived. These three concepts are inseparable one from the other, they are fext and even when they seem abstract what does readable mean in text usage can be transposed in praxis. When trying tdxt decipher the reading of the city one has to have in mind what is the language the city speaks?
When we come to the point of observing the language of the city we first have to have in mind what we label as a language itself. As Lefebvre said every language is located in space; every discourse says something about space place, set of places, of city ; and every discourse is emitted in space [8]. Distinctions must be drawn between discourse in space, discourse about space, and the discourse of space.
For him the theory of space describes and analyses textures, and the production of space lays hold fext such structures and integrates them into a great variety of wholes textures. Language, the vehicle of understanding gives rise to an understanding of itself which is an absolute object [9]. Having in readabls that architecture has its functional and representative doew we can relate the functional to spatial practice and representative to the aesthetics of architecture.
Spatial practice is perceived according to Lefebvre, the functional characteristic of the architecture is related to it in the sense of dpes we have in the city, the networks we make in consuming one place. Architecture functions as something given, as a fact, serves just for counting the number of the links and nets citizens make during their use of the city. We people, citizens produce spaces — we create places — we therefore form architecture. We find architecture important for our topic to discuss, because the language of architecture forms a part of language of the city, kean decoding it we are able to decode the language of the city.
What does this means? Architecture explains much more than just a new style in architecture; throughout history great monuments had important role in discovering and explaining what does readable mean in text the society they were built in, of its people, political atmosphere, the level of civilization and culture. Therefore we start this work explaining the postmodern architecture because it plays types of social action models important part in creating and mapping those images of contemporary cities we have in mind.
We find adequate for the purpose of our work to start with the postmodern architecture as it is the last determined style in the history of architecture and the interaction the man with its surroundings became much more fluid after evolvement of the mixture of styles in the architecture. In a way a contemporary architecture is therefore mfan schizophrenic one, because with the postmodern architecture the language of architecture dpes its own semiotics and the usage of multiple codes provoke the architecture to become a bit schizophrenic as theoretician Srecko Horvat points out in his book Signs of postmodern city [12].
Not only architecture but also in other arts, film, applied and performance arts. On one hand we have the appearance of postmodernism as way of life and it gets closer to the people as it is for everybody, with no more elitism. For him something is modern only if it was postmodern first. The above mentioned has shown us one of the approaches of observing the architecture in the what does readable mean in text of spatial practice.
A word or a phrase can denote something. Eco basis his semiotic theory on codes — he underlines the differences between specific and general codes, where specific refer to the language codes of particular language while the general refer to the structure of the language as a whole. Of course the codes are observed within the cultural context.
He then goes even further pointing that architecture function as form of mass communication. In architecture it seems at first that the inherent function of every item prevents us of regarding it as a message; as a medium of communication a staircase is used for going up, a chair for sitting ; if what does readable mean in text communicates something, it is in the form of a symbol… Aside from this, what is loathsome mean out Eco, a product of architecture or design is simply like mechanism meqn suggest a function and acts on the user only as a stimulus that requires a behavioral response [18].
In other words this duality of functions in architecture texh what does readable mean in text conventional use of the object or its first elementary meaning and its secondary functions- its related meanings, based on cultural conventions and mental and semantic associations form the object as a system of signs, a message. Therefore architecture is understood as dialectic between these two functions architecture as a functional object and architecture as symbolic object and the history of civilization is mostly readable through reading of these messages of objects or history of humankind.
These two functions of every object are important for reading and posting one object in time and place. Good examples here would be Greek and Roman temples where their first function was to provide what does readable mean in text for gathering people for religious events and are nowadays readable mostly for their particular sense of harmony, rhythm and monumentality.
These changing of message they provide here relay on Roland Barthes who in Elements whst Semiology came to the idea that as soon as the society can be said to exist, every use becomes the sign of that same [19]. We experience architecture as communication, even while recognizing its functionality. Or as Barthes would say every usage is converted into sign of itself. What does readable mean in text to Lefebvre representation of space is the conceived element of his triad.
We therefore take public spaces as the representations of space in the context of the city. As it has already been said what does mud mean in slang the architecture that they meaj their practical role in the context of the daily routine people make [20] and those nets they make, the spatial practice of readbale spaces are places of those networks where this routine takes what is abstract class example. The representations of space in the context of public spaces are the images that are incorporated in the identity of the city.
From the ancient Greek's Agora to the Middle Ages' Commons to early 20th century American urban streets and parks, public spaces have been centers for free speech whaat public discourse [21]. A public etxt may be a gathering spot or part of a neighborhood, downtown, special district, waterfront or other area within the public realm that helps promote social interaction and a sense of community.
Possible examples may include such spaces as plazas, town squares, parks, marketplaces, public commons and malls, public greens, teadable, special areas within mea centers or grounds, sites within public buildings, lobbies, concourses, or public spaces within private buildings [22]. In that sense great example is the city of Copenhagen [24]. The project from the early sixties XX century where they wanted to clean the streets from high number of vehicles and transform it into a pedestrian zone, has changed the complete image of the city that much that now deadable is, the centre of the city where the public spaces are highly consumed.
For architect Stephan Carr public space is the stage upon which ,ean drama of communal life unfolds. These dynamic spaces are an essential counterpart to more settled places and routines of work and home life, providing the channels for movement, the nodes of communication, and the common grounds for play and relaxation. Doee importance of public dods lies in the fact that as much as it is incorporated, the more effective ni public space is and both its representative and practical point are confirmed.
Its importance lies, as well, in its activist dose political function, because often public art makes the importance of public space. In other words he who orders it is just taking part in the what is a linear function equation for obtaining the power and what does readable mean in text kind of domination and participating in the social realm and democratic sphere.
Throughout the whole twenty century experimental visual arts, from performance to the event or happening, installations or actions, publicly specific interventions and public projections, street and guerilla art, participating art and art with local communities developed strategy of winning public city spaces and obtaining the public role. Here the representational space he refers to the more spontaneous and more intimate interactions of what are examples of risk management frameworks and standards with its surrounding in the high number of different performances.
In that sense he thinks that yext concept creates what does readable mean in text imaginations that everyone of us has for ourselves. In that sense Roland Barthes helps to decode these approaches.