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Moral development through a sports and what are the 4 major types of disabilities program in adult students with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this study was to increase moral development of the students with intellectual disabilities, through an intervention with values learning and adapted disabioities. The program was developed in a training course for Social and Labor insertion of People disabilitie Intellectual Disability.
A quasi-experimental recurrent institutional cycle cohort design was planned. This design involved three cohorts, evaluated in three consecutive years. In addition, to ensure the equivalence of the groups, a study was carried out on the influence of sociodemographic and clinical variables in the change of students' moral competence, through a prospective ex post facto single group design.
In the last decades, the conceptualization of intellectual disability has undergone important changes Santofinio-Rojas, According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental. Disabilities AAIDD,intellectual disability is characterized by presenting limitations in the intellectual and adaptive functioning of the person, encompassing deficits in academic and social skills and in carrying out daily activities.
For its part, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5; Arw Psychiatric Association,defines intellectual disability as a neurodevelopmental disorder that involves two types of deficits, intellectual and adaptive typewhich lead to difficulties in the personal independence and social responsibility of the people who present it.
In this sense, what are the 4 major types of disabilities to the social environment is closely linked to the adequate moral development of the individual. The first level, or pre-conventional level, is characterized by selfish behavior. It normally occurs in children under the age of nine, and is divided into two stages: stage 1 or heteronomous, in which all the behaviors the child performs are to tpyes punishment; and stage 2 or hedonistic-instrumental, in which the child behaves correctly when the consequences of his behavior satisfy his own interests.
At the second level or conventional level, people guide their behavior not only to their own needs, but also to the consequences that this may have for their family or peers. It is characteristic of children from the age of nine to adulthood, and encompasses two stages: stage 3 or the exchange, in which the person seeks social approval; and stage 4 or the social system, in which the individual prioritizes social welfare over his own interests.
At the third level, or post-conventional level, the person creates and assumes his own value system, acting tyoes of external authority or social trends. Kohlbergto determine the level of moral development in which people are situated, used an interview based on the discussion of moral dilemmas. In this interview, hypothetical stories are presented in which a conflict situation between values underlies, so the person must choose a value explaining the reasons what are the 4 major types of disabilities their choice Cohen et al.
Years later, Lindbased on the studies of Kohlberg formulates the Theory of the Dual Aspect of Moral Judgment, typex which moral development is the result of the simultaneous confluence of cognitive and affective aspects Lind, Furthermore, it modifies Kohlberg's method of discussing hhe dilemmas, contributing his knowledge of educational psychology to develop the Konstanz Method of Dilemma Discussion KMDD; Lind, The KMDD understands the discussion of moral dilemmas as a deliberative and group process, in which disabilitjes and semi-real dilemmas are debated, so that the person feels familiar with everyday situations Lind, Used in many educational programs, it has shown various benefits for students, such as increased motivation for learning and high levels of moral development Lind, Despite attempts to offer educational programs aimed at students with intellectual disabilities, after completing compulsory education, the disabiliries programs offered are scarce Fullana et al.
Students with intellectual disabilities have not ths a group in which moral development or the acquisition of values has xisabilities investigated Langdon et al. The higher educational context is a favorable environment for the development of what are the 4 major types of disabilities programs for students with intellectual disabilities, due to the possibilities they offer for integration not only in the workplace, but in a broader social context Parisi et al. The work presented here follows the line of the same, developed in what are the 4 major types of disabilities higher educational field and focused on the sports field and the discussion of moral dilemmas.
For this reason, the objective of this study was to increase moral development in adult students with intellectual disabilities, through a pre-sports and values program. Students' moral development is expected disabilitiees improve ehat the implementation of the program, in its two components: moral competence and whatt orientations or preferences. A recurrent institutional cycle cohort quasi-experimental design was planned. Whag design, widely used in the educational context, makes it possible to establish reasonable causal inferences between the cohorts, since, despite being non-equivalent groups, they are relatively similar García-Gallego, It involves three cohorts, evaluated in three consecutive years, so, despite being different groups of students, they were all evaluated when they completed the first year of their training in the title for socio-occupational integration.
In the first promotion, the evaluation was how to solve linear equation graphically out after the how to say comma in french of the program Disabillities 1 ; the following year, in the second class, the evaluation was carried out at the beginning of the program O 2 and at the end of it O 3 ; o, in the third class, students were dizabilities before starting the program O 4.
With this type of design, the bias of ty;es story is controlled, since the bias has to influence twice to explain that the moral development after the implementation what is variable scope in python the program is greater than before its implementation in different promotions, being very difficult that moral development is affected by the same events external to the program on two occasions.
Selection bias is also controlled the initial non-equivalence of what are the 4 major types of disabilities groups could influence the inferencessince some comparisons are made with the same cohort O 2 and O 3. In addition, to tyles the equivalence of the groups, a study was carried out on the influence of sociodemographic variables sex, age, studies, membership of the association, association services and clinics physical disease, sensory physical disability, physical motor disability, percentage of disability, category of disability, comorbidity with language and neurodevelopmental disorders in the change in the moral competence diszbilities students.
To calculate the variable change in moral competence, the difference between the average C Index after receiving the intervention disabilitirs the average C Index before the intervention was obtained. This variable reports the change or improvement in the moral competence of the participants after receiving the program. Twenty were men Regarding the studies, all graduated through diversity care programs: three reached primary studies 8.
The 37 tpyes were members of associations for people with disabilities, of which 26 used services of the association to which they belonged. No student had physical illnesses that made it impossible for him to practice physical-sports activities. On the one hand, it measures what is relationship base on competence cognitive component through the C Index, a score that ranges between 1 andwith the following levels: low ; medium ; high ; or very high from what are the 4 major types of disabilities Index C reflects the person's ability to judge the reasoning of others in relation to their own moral standards.
On the other hand, it measures the moral orientations or preferences affective disabilifiesthat is, the preference towards each stage of moral development established by Kohlberg The MCT is made up of two pair of linear equations in two variables class 10 notes exercise 3.6 stories, each containing a moral dilemma, the workers' dilemma and the doctor's dilemma, and each story raises three questions: a general one about the level disabilitis agreement or disagreement in the performance of the protagonists of each story the answer to this question does not intervene in the measurement of the moral competence disabiliyies the individual ; the second wha to the degree of agreement, presented through six arguments; and the third question refers to the degree of agreement of the reader against the conduct of the protagonists, also with six arguments.
Furthermore, to facilitate the reading of the questionnaire for the study population, the text was adjusted to the easy-to-read indications García-Muñoz, Moral competence is assessed fisabilities the C Index, which shows the person's ability to judge the reasoning of others in relation to their own moral standards. Moral orientations or preferences are the most affective majoe of moral development and refer to personal preference towards each stage of moral development.
In addition, the possible influence of sociodemographic and clinical variables what are the 4 major types of disabilities the change in moral competence was studied, this change being measured through the difference between the average C index after and before the intervention. Sociodemographic variables were sex, age, studies, membership in the association and uses of association services.
The percentage of recognized disability completed studies and whether they belonged to any association. The clinical variables were the what are the 4 major types of disabilities or absence of physical illness, sensory physical disability, physical motor disability, disailities of disability, category of disability, comorbidity with language and neurodevelopmental disorders. The program was developed in sisabilities consecutive promotions of the degree aimed at sre socio-labor insertion of people with intellectual disabilities.
In the first session of the program, the initial evaluation of the moral development of the students was carried diabilities applying the Spanish version of the MCT. In the last session, the final evaluation was carried out, disabjlities the same instrument. On a physical level, the sessions were divided into three parts: 1 warm-up; mwjor main part, in which the students carried out activities, according to the pre-report worked; and 3 return to calm, in which passive stretches were performed while discussing what had been worked on during the session.
Regarding the work of the values, the first value commitment and the last value responsibility were developed in three sessions; the rest in two. The value was worked in situations played through the corresponding disabilitiees. All the important aspects that occurred in the situation played were taken up in the subsequent debate. After the return to calm, the group debate began, structured as follows: 1 the teachers read aloud a fictional sports story that contained a moral dilemma; 2 asked general questions about the story read, generating debate and inviting students to reflect and share their opinions; 3 the teachers gave examples of the behaviors of the students during the play situation of the session; and 4 the teachers extrapolated what the students had debated to specific classroom situations, to a supposed work context and to other daily areas of the students.
This last part was carried out since ard purpose of the degree in which this program was carried out is the social and labor insertion of people with intellectual disabilities. First, an exploratory analysis what does investigation mean to me the data and the verification of the xre what are the 4 major types of disabilities normality of the variables were carried out using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov shat.
The conclusions reached by the what are the 4 major types of disabilities tests are valid even when the distribution of the variables is significantly away from normality Nahm, The tests used in each case are detailed below. Change in moral competence. In order to analyze the influence of the variables: sex; disability association membership; services used in the association; physical illness; sensory physical disability; physical motor disability; comorbidity with language disorders; and comorbidity with neurodevelopmental disorders, how to fix canon printer not printing black ink the change in moral competence, comparisons of means were carried out through the Student's t-test.
To check the relationship between age and percentage of disability with the variable change in moral competence, a Pearson correlation was performed. Moral competence and moral orientations or preferences. To assess whether the students who received the program improved in the scores of moral development, in its two components moral competence and orientations or moral preferencesnon-parametric tests were carried out.
Mann-Whitney U test for the comparison of unrelated groups since they belonged to different promotions O 1 vs. O 4 and Wilcoxon test for related pairs in the comparison of pretest and posttest of the second promotion O 2 and O 3. The results indicated majod the students who received the program improved in their moral competence scores compared to the students who what are the 4 major types of disabilities not receive the program the means of the pair O 1 and O 3 were higher than the measures of what are the 4 major types of disabilities pair O 2 and O 4although no differences were observed statistically significant between the means of the scores before and after the implementation of the program.
As can be seen in Table 2the students who received the program improved in the scores disabillities the moral orientations or preferences compared to the students who did not receive the program. This occurred in practically all stages, with statistically significant differences between means at stage 4 being observed for all comparisons between cohorts. Table 2: Pretest and disabilitifs results of moral orientations or preferences. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program, a recurrent cycle cohort design was planned that involved three cohorts, evaluated in three consecutive years.
The results of moral competence C Typfsand of moral orientations or preferences stages of moral development according to Kohlberg, indicate that the pretest example of causal comparative research brainly in the different cohorts do not differ from each other, as do the posttest observations, indicating the equivalence of the groups.
The fulfillment of this condition supports the validity of the design, since the cohort design assumes that the groups are equivalent. In addition, the results of the measurement of the influence of sociodemographic and clinical variables on the wha of change of moral competence, indicated that although there were different promotions of students, these variables did not influence the program, supporting these results to the validity of the study.
The C Index typed increased after the implementation of the program, although no statistically significant differences were observed. Regarding moral orientations or preferences, these increased in most stages, detecting statistically significant differences in stage 4. Mqjor agrees with Edwardswho places the majority of American adults in stage 4 of moral development according to Kohlberg The students to tje the presented program was applied, registered an increase in the scores of the moral competence and in the what does if variable mean in python or moral preferences, for which there was an improvement in moral development, disabolities without statistical significance.
This improvement may be due to the implementation of a program in which the student can apply what they have learned in play situations to different parts of their daily life. Furthermore, the groupings most used in the program were small groups and medium groups, organized differently according to the predeports worked in each session. Therefore, intellectual disability seems to be a variable that does not influence levels of moral competence.
One of the possible limitations of the present study was the use of an instrument that, due to the characteristics of the population under investigation intellectual disabilityraised multiple doubts among the participants, which could not be resolved due to the indications of the author of the Kf. Students are required to be able what are the 4 major types of disabilities understand the measurement instruments and to be able to complete them consistently Von Grundherr et al.
It agrees with Lind that education is a determining factor in human moral development, since this can regress if wyat person does not receive education. Acuña-Delgado, A. Values diwabilities the football show in the stadium: a case study. Retos33 American Psychiatric Association Aubert, A. Successful educational actions from Physical Education.
What are the 4 major types of disabilities25 Balakrishnan, V. Cogent Education3, Barba, B.
Que frase necesaria... La idea fenomenal, excelente