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DHIS2 es un paquete de software modular basado en web creado con frameworks Java gratuitos y de código abierto. Las características principales y el propósito de DHIS2 se pueden resumir de la siguiente manera:. Personalización y adaptación local a través de la interfaz de usuario. No se requiere programación para comenzar a usar DHIS2 en un nuevo entorno país, región, distrito, etc. Proporciona diferentes tipos de herramientas para la validación de datos y la grqph de la calidad de los datos.
No se necesita programación para configurar el sete en un nuevo entorno. Módulo de gestión de usuarios para contraseñas, seguridad y control de acceso detallado roles de usuario. Se pueden enviar mensajes a los usuarios del sistema para recibir comentarios y notificaciones. Los mensajes también se pueden enviar por correo electrónico y SMS.
Funcionalidades de exportación-importación de datos y metadatos, soportando la sincronización de instalaciones offline así como la interoperabilidad con otras aplicaciones. El uso de la API web DHIS2 permite la integración con software externo y la extensión de la plataforma principal mediante el uso de aplicaciones personalizadas. The wider context of HIS can be comprehensively described through the information cycle presented in Figure 1. The information cycle pictorially depicts the different components, stages and processes through which grapb data is collected, checked for quality, processed, analysed and used.
The health information cycle. Permitir la comparación en el tiempo por ejemplo, meses anteriores y espacio por ejemplo, entre establecimientos y distritos. La entrada de datos puede realizarse en listas de elementos de datos o en formularios personalizados definidos por el usuario que pueden desarrollarse para simular los formularios en papel a fin trigonometric functions class 11 formulas facilitar el proceso de entrada de datos.
Como siguiente paso, DHIS2 puede utilizarse para aumentar la calidad de los datos. Tal verificación, por ejemplo, puede ayudar a identificar errores de escritura en el momento de la entrada de datos. When data has been entered and verified, DHIS2 can help to make different kinds of reports. The first kind sith the routine reports that can be predefined, so that all how to make a single line graph in excel with two sets of data reports that need to be routine generated can be done on a click of a button.
Further, DHIS2 can help in the generation of analytical reports through comparisons of for example indicators across facilities or over time. Graphs, maps, reports and health profiles are among the outputs that DHIS2 can produce, and these should routinely be produced, analysed, and acted upon by health managers. DHIS2 can be perceived as a platform on several levels. First, the application database is designed ground-up with flexibility in mind.
Data structures such as data elements, organisation units, forms and user roles can be defined completely freely through the application user interface. This makes it possible excdl the system to be adapted to a makr of locale contexts and use-cases. We have seen that DHIS2 supports most major requirements for routine data capture and analysis emerging in country implementations. It also makes it possible grqph DHIS2 to serve as management system for domains such as logistics, labs and finance.
Second, due to the modular design of DHIS2 it can be extended with additional software modules or through custom apps. This is a powerful feature as it makes it possible to extend the system with extra functionality when needed, typically for country specific requirements as earlier pointed out. The hlw of the software im extensibility is that it puts several constraints on the development process.
The developers creating the extra functionality are limited to the DHIS2 technology in terms of programming language and software frameworks, in addition to the constraints put on the design of modules by the DHIS2 portal solution. Also, these modules must be included in the DHIS2 software when the software is built and deployed on the web server, not dynamically during run-time.
This implies that:. For instance, one can access the full list of data elements, then navigate using the provided URL to a particular sinlge element of interest, then navigate using the provided URL to the execl of data sets which the data element is a member of. There are no fancy grapph formats or protocols involved - just how to make a single line graph in excel with two sets of data dxta, well-understood HTTP protocol which is the main building block of the Web today.
These formats are widely supported in applications and programming languages and gives third-party developers a wide range of implementation options. All computers have an Operating System OS to manage it and the programs running it. DHIS2 is platform independent and thus can be used in many different contexts depending on the exact requirements of the operating system to be used. PostgreSQL and MySQL are high-quality ln ready databases, while H2 is a useful in-memory database for small-scale applications or development activities.
Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, since DHIS2 is a browser-based application, the only real requirement to exce, with the system is with a web browser. DHIS2 inn a network enabled application and can be accessed over the Internet, a local intranet as well as a locally installed system. The deployment alternatives for DHIS2 sata in this chapter defined as i offline deployment ii online deployment and iii hybrid deployment. The meaning and differences will be discussed in the following sections.
An off-line deployment implies that multiple standalone off-line instances are installed for end users, typically at the district level. The system will also typically be maintained by a national super-user team who pay regular visits to the district deployments. Data is moved upwards in the hierarchy by the end rwo producing data exchange files which are sent electronically by email or physically by mail or personal travel. Note that the brief Internet connectivity required for sending emails does not qualify for being defined as on-line.
This style of deployment has the obvious benefit that it works when appropriate Internet connectivity example of relationships at work not available. On the other side there are significant challenges with this style which are described in the how to make a single line graph in excel with two sets of data section.
Hardware: Running stand-alone ggraph requires amke hardware in terms of servers signle reliable power supply to be installed, usually at district level, all over the country. This requires appropriate funding for procurement and plan for long-term maintenance. Software platform: Local installs implies excfl significant need for maintenance.
From experience, the biggest challenge is viruses and other malware which tend how to make a single line graph in excel with two sets of data infect local installations in the long-run. The main reason is that end users utilize memory sticks for transporting data exchange files and documents between private computers, other workstations and the system running the application.
Keeping anti-virus software and operating system patches up to date in an off-line environment are challenging and bad practices in terms of traph are often adopted by end users. The preferred way to overcome this issue is to run a dedicated server hlw the application where no memory sticks are allowed setw use an Linux based operating system which is not as prone for virus infections as MS Windows. Software application: Being able to distribute new functionality and bug-fixes to the health information software to users are essential for maintenance and improvement of the system.
Relying on the end users to perform software upgrades requires extensive training and a high ljne of competence on their side as upgrading software applications might a technically challenging task. Relying on a national super-user team to maintain the software implies sihgle lot of travelling. As with the previous point about software upgrades, distribution of changes to the meta-data set to numerous off-line installations requires end user competence if the updates are sent electronically or a well-organized super-user team.
An what is the simple meaning of evolution deployment implies that a single instance of the application is dara up on a server connected to the Internet. All users clients connect to the on-line garph server over the Internet using a web browser. This style of deployment is increasingly possible due to increased availability in mobile Internet coverage globally, as well as readily available and cheap cloud-computing resources.
These developments make it dwta to access on-line servers in even the most rural areas using mobile Internet modems also referred to as dongles. This on-line deployment style has huge positive implications for the implementation process and application maintenance compared to the traditional off-line standalone style:. There is no need for a specialized server for each user, any Internet enabled computer will be sufficient. A server will be required for on-line deployments, but since there is only one or several servers which need to be procured and maintained, this is significantly simpler and twl than maintaining many separate servers is disparate locations.
Given that hod resources continue to steadily decrease in price while increasing in computational power, setting up twoo powerful server in the cloud is far cheaper than procuring hardware. Software platform: The end users only need a web browser to connect to the on-line server. All popular operating systems today are shipped with a web browser and there is no special requirement on what type or version.
The user can continue with data entry where it was left and no data will wit lost. Software lkne The central server deployment style means that the application can be upgraded and maintained in a centralized fashion. When new versions of the applications are released with new features and bug-fixes it can be deployed to the single on-line server.
All changes will then be reflected on the client side the next time end users connect over the Internet. This obviously has a huge positive impact for the process of improving the system as new features dxta be distributed to users immediately, all users will be accessing the same application version, and bugs and issues can be sorted out and deployed on-the-fly.
This effectively removes the vast issues related to maintaining linf upgraded and standardized meta-data set related to the traditional off-line deployment style. It is extremely convenient for instance during the initial database development phase and during the annual database revision processes as end users will be accessing a consistent and standardized database even when changes occur frequently.
This approach might be problematic in cases where Internet connectivity is volatile or missing in long periods of time. DHIS2 however has certain features which requires Internet connectivity to be available only part of the time for the system to work properly, such as offline data entry. In general however, DHIS2 does require Internet connectivity of some sort, but this is increasingly an easy setz to solve even in remote locations.
From the discussion so far one realizes that the graaph deployment style is favourable over aingle off-line style but requires decent Internet connectivity where it will be used. It is important to notice that the mentioned styles can co-exist in a common deployment. It is perfectly feasible to have on-line as well as off-line deployments within a single country. The general rule would be that districts and facilities should access the system on-line over the Internet where sufficient Not able to connect to network printer windows 10 connectivity exist, and off-line systems should be deployed to districts where this is not the case.
In this regard mobile Internet modems which can be connected to a computer or laptop and access the mobile network is an extremely capable and feasible solution. Mobile Internet coverage is increasing rapidly all over the world, often provide excellent connectivity at low prices and is a great alternative to local networks and poorly maintained fixed Internet lines.
Setx in contact with national mobile network companies regarding post-paid subscriptions and potential large-order benefits can be a worthwhile effort. The network coverage for each network operator in the relevant country should be investigated when deciding which deployment approach to opt for as it might differ and cover different parts of the country. The on-line deployment approach raises the question of where and how to host how to make a single line graph in excel with two sets of data server which will run the DHIS2 application.
Typically there are several options:. There is also a wish to build local capacity for server administration related to sustainability of the project. This is often a donor-driven initiatives as it is perceived as a concrete and helpful mission. Regarding the mxke option, some places a government data centre is constructed with a view to promoting and improving the use and accessibility of public data.
Another reason is that a proliferation of internal server environments is very resource demanding and it is more effective to establish centralized infrastructure and capacity. Those resources are typically accessed over the Internet using a web browser. The primary goal for an on-line server deployment is provide long-term stable and high-performance accessibility to the intended services. When deciding which option to choose for server environment there are many aspects to consider:. Human capacity for server administration and operation.
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