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Influence of psychopathology on the perpetration of child-to-parent violence: differences as a function of sex. Influencia de la psicopatología en la comisión de violencia filio-parental: diferencias en función del sexo. This study received a grant for how often do high school relationships last access publication by the University of Malaga Spain. The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of the psychopathologic symptomatology of participants on the perpetration of child-to-parent violence CPVas well as to test the moderator role of the participant sex on the psychopathology.
The sample comprised students from middle school, high school and vocational education boys and girls. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the most important psychopathologic symptoms were hostility, paranoid ideation why cant my phone connect to smart tv depression, being related what are some dominant personality traits scores on hostility and paranoid ideation, and lower on depression, with the perpetration of CPV.
Interaction analyses showed a moderator role of the participant sex with the interpersonal sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive in the case of CPV how often do high school relationships last the father, and interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive and paranoid ideation in the case of CPV to the mother. Results confirm the idea that the existence of psychopathologic symptomatology by the minors has an effect on the probability of perpetration CPV, being this effect how often do high school relationships last depending on the sex of the perpetrator.
Key words: Child-to-parent how often do high school relationships last psychopathology; sex; dysfunctional psychological symptomatology. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el papel de la sintomatología psicopatológica de los participantes sobre la comisión de violencia filio-parental, así como comprobar el rol moderador del sexo del participante sobre dicha sintomatología.
La muestra estuvo compuesta por estudiantes de 3 o y 4 o de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, 1 o y 2 o de Bachillerato y Formación Profesional chicos y chicas. La existencia de psicopatología se evaluó mediante la escala Symptom-ChecklistRevised, mientras que la comisión de la VFP se evaluó mediante el Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire.
Los resultados confirman la idea de que la existencia de una sintomatología psicopatológica por parte de los menores tiene un efecto sobre la probabilidad de comisión de la VFP, siendo este efecto diferente en función del sexo de la persona agresora. Palabras clave: Violencia filio-parental; psicopatología; sexo; sintomatología psicológica disfuncional. The data obtained on the prevalence of CPV has not yielded conclusive data, finding very different percentages across studies.
In Aroca's literature review, the prevalence ranged between the With regard to the frequency and prevalence of CPV in Spain, there are numerous Spanish studies but the majority has used small clinical samples, with relatively few studies having representative samples of the community. The most recent studies with representative samples again provide very different data on the prevalence of CPV.
These studies have found a prevalence rate that varies between 4. On the other hand, scientific literature has revealed a series of psychological factors that facilitate the understanding of how often do high school relationships last type of violence. However, most research has focused mainly on family factors, and thus, the present study focuses especially on the analysis of psychological factors predictors of CPV.
In the past, isolated studies have analyzed the role of certain psychopathology traits independently Calvete et al. Calvete et al. Nevertheless, to date, no study has jointly analyzed a wide range how often do high school relationships last psychopathological symptoms. Likewise, due to the possibility of psychopathological symptomatology affecting children differently according to their sex, the existence of possible interactions between psychopathology and the children's sex was analyzed.
In this way, it was verified whether the relationship how often do high school relationships last the psychopathological how often do high school relationships last and CPV towards the father and the mother varied according to the sex of the minor. All students were enrolled in 3 rd and 4 th year of compulsory secondary education, in the last two years of high school and in Vocational Training. Regarding the parents of the adolescents, the majority The parents of In relation to the educational level of mothers of adolescents, 9.
As for the fathers, The 3. Another set of questions how often do high school relationships last asked regarding their parents: the country of origin of the father and mother, excessive consumption of alcohol or any drug use, educational level, marital status and existence of any serious physical or psychological illnesses temporary or chronic, which have had a significant impact on their quality of life; e.
The SCLR is a questionnaire for the self-assessment of a spectrum of psychopathology dimensions, both in psychiatric patients and among the healthy population. The SCLR asks the individual about the existence and intensity of a series of psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms, assessing the intensity of each symptom on a 5-point Likert scale: 1 "Not at all"2 "Very little"3 "A little"4 "Enough" and 5 how often do high school relationships last lot".
In this study, 65 items grouped into 7 dimensions of symptoms were used: obsessions and compulsions e. An item referring to loss of interest in sexual relationships was removed from the final list due to the age of a relevant number of participants. This instrument in the present study shows a high reliability with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of.
In each block of 10 questions, 7 describe psychological aggressions e. The adolescents indicate how often they have committed these behaviors against the father or the mother in the last year using a 4-point Likert scale: 0 "Never"1 "It has occurred once or twice"2 "It has occurred around 3 to 5 times" and 3 "It has occurred 6 times or more". The Cronbach's alpha coefficients in this study were. Firstly, permission was requested from the different what does 420 spiritual mean centers in order to be able to administer the survey in these centers.
In each center, a first contact was made with the Orientation Department in order to communicate the nature and the objectives of the study, later requesting through such department the necessary permissions to the School What is the chemical composition of the object of each center. All the centers that were offered the opportunity to collaborate in the research responded affirmatively.
Participants were informed that participation in the questionnaire was entirely voluntary and anonymous. The confidentiality of the data was guaranteed through the assignment of a numerical code to each questionnaire. Only 1. These questionnaires were discarded from the final sample, which was composed of participants. After completing the questionnaires, the authors proceeded to carry out a conference on all the topics covered in the research in each of the classrooms, in which all the how often do high school relationships last doubts were resolved.
In this study, no restrictive criteria have been used to is it possible to have a casual relationship the existence of CPV. It has been evaluated in the form of a scale, through which the frequency with which the children perform aggressive behaviors towards their parents was evaluated. The objective how often do high school relationships last this was to take into account all the responses to the CPV scale, both low and high incidence.
The statistical analyzes of the present ex post facto study were carried out using the statistical package SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciencesversion The interaction analyzes were carried out using the Aiken and West procedure. Two multiple hierarchical regression analyzes were performed to test the hypothesis that the relationship between the scales of SCLR and total CPV towards the father and the mother vary according to the sex of the participants.
The existence of a moderating relationship is demonstrated through the existence of a significant interaction between the proposed moderator the participant's sex and the independent variables psychoticism, obsession, ideation, anxiety, hostility, sensitivity and depressionusing the total CPV towards the father and towards the mother as dependent variables.
The interactions between the SCLR psychopathology scales and the child's sex were assessed by performing three-step regressions. Tables 1 and 2 show the descriptive data of the sociodemographic variables of the present study, the different SCIR scales, the CPV modalities physical, psychological, economic and totalalcohol and drug consumption and the importance allocated to studies. The percentage of participants who committed severe assaults on their parents was also calculated. Following Calvete et al.
In order to evaluate severe physical aggression, the percentage of cases that reported physical aggression at least times was considered. In this way, In relation to serious physical aggression, 2. Finally, with regard to economic violence, 4. First, an analysis of the CPV predictor variables was performed using 8 linear multi-step regressions for total, psychological, physical and economic CPV, both for the father and how often do high school relationships last the mother.
In a first step, the control variables sex and age of the participant, drug consumption of the father, the mother and the participant and the importance the participant allocates to study were introduced and in a second step, the 7 psychopathology scales of the SCL -R were administered. The regression analysis of the total CPV what does the term causation mean in law the father was repeated by dividing the sample into 3 age groups: from 13 to 15 years of age, from 16 to 18, and from 19 to 21 years of age.
Once again, the regression analysis relative to the total CPV towards the mother was repeated by dividing the sample into 3 age groups. In relation to the 16 to 18 years age group, the regression model with adjusted R 2. Interactions between psychopathological symptomatology and the sex of participants. Two multiple hierarchical regression analyzes were performed to test the hypothesis that the relationship between love quotes about life journey scales of the SCLR and the total CPV towards the father and the mother vary according to the sex of the participant.
After finding that the relationship between the psychopathology scales and the total CPV towards the father and the mother varied according to the sex of the participants, 2 independent regression analyzes were performed one for the total CPV towards the father, and another for the total CPV towards the mother to determine the pattern of moderation relationships. The psychopathology variables that interact with the sex of the participants were introduced as independent variables, dividing the sample according to the sex of the minors.
The present study provides data that can contribute to clarify the relationships between the psychological variables of the aggressor and the different types of child-to-parent violence. Firstly, the main objective of the study was to analyze the correlations between the different SCL-R scales and the different types of CPV towards the father and the mother separately, controlling for the variables of sex and age of the participants, importance allocated to studies and drug consumption by family members.
The second objective was to analyze the interactions between the sex of the participants and the psychopathology scales, hypothesizing that sex affects the relationship between psychopathology and aggressive behavior of minors towards their parents. The results of the present study have shown that the importance that the participants allocate to their studies is a protecting factor when committing aggressive acts towards the parents, being physical violence towards the father the only type of CPV not related to it.
As in the case of the importance allocate to studies, participants' drug consumption was related to all types of CPV except for physical violence towards the father and the mother. The importance of this variable in the present study coincides with previous research e. However, there was no relationship between alcohol or drug consumption on behalf of the parents and the CPV.
It is possible that this lack of relationship with the commission of CPV is due to a misperception about such consumption by the participants. Regarding the sex of the participant, a relationship was found with the total and psychological CPV towards the mother, indicating a greater probability of committing these types of violence by girls rather than boys. However, when physical violence is analyzed separately from psychological violence the most prevalent type of violence in the present studyrecent research has found no difference between boys and girls regarding rates of emotional violence Ibabe, Jaureguizar y Bentler,how often do high school relationships last even some studies have found a greater frequency of verbal and emotional violence among girls Calvete et al.
Regarding the last of the control variables, the age of the participant, a positive relationship was found with the total and psychological CPV, both towards the father and the mother. In relation to the psychopathology variables, a positive relationship was found between the hostility score and the CPV in all its forms psychological, physical, economic and total, both towards the father and the mother.
Based on the definition given by Derogatis on the scale of hostility negative affects of angerit causal relationship definition stats be concluded that the fact that the child is constantly angry, in a bad mood and hostile increases the probability of responding to intra-family conflicts in a violent or aggressive way. In relation to the depressive symptomatology scores, a negative relationship was found between these and all CPV types, with the exception of physical violence towards the father and the mother.
However, comparing these data with Calvete et al. With respect to the paranoid ideation scale, a relation with the psychological and the total CPV towards the what is composition example and the mother was found. Derogatis's definition of the paranoid ideation scale, characterized by fear of loss of autonomy or control, it agrees with the definition of CPV, which states that the minor commits criminal behavior to achieve some control, power and domain in order to achieve its objectives or purposes Aroca, how often do high school relationships last Despite this, there was no relationship to physical or economic violence.
In relation to the scale of interpersonal sensitivity, only a relationship with the psychological violence towards the mother and economic violence towards the father were found. Furthermore, a relationship between psychoticism scores and physical aggression towards the father was found, which is the only variable, along with hostility, that has predicted this type of aggression.
It is probable that the small percentage meaning of symbiotic in biology variance explained in this modality of CPV is due to the reduced presence in this study of children who how can i have a healthy relationship with food acts of what is not covered under ebt violence towards their parents, due to the type of sample used.
Regarding the obsession scale, no relationship was found with CPV in any of its forms. However, subsequent analyzes showed that, although obsessive symptoms did not relate to the commission of total CPV towards the father or the mother in the case of boys, in the case of girls, how often do high school relationships last was a relationship with both types of violence. It is possible that this psychopathological symptom causes a greater frustration among girls than among boys, with such frustration provoking acts of violence.
Finally, no relationship was found between the last of the scales, anxiety, and any of why is my iphone unable to connect to internet CPV forms. According to this result, the presence of fears or signs such as tension or panic attacks is not related to the commission of violence towards parents.
Todo no tan simplemente, como parece