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Approaches to the teaching and learning of history imply a series of changes and i,pact which are adapted to the new epistemological and disciplinary contexts. This calls for a series of transformations in teaching approaches and methodological definitlon in order to bring them more into line with the current model of how to import sim contacts to phone education.
The research methodology employed was quantitative with a non-experimental design based on a Likert-type questionnaire. For the analysis of the data, a structural equation model was used based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The results indicate that the teachers surveyed identify three teaching approaches in accordance with the theoretical approach underlying the research.
Specifically, a traditional approach based on the memorisation of content; an intermediate model in hisgorical there is interaction between teachers and students, through strategies such as discussion, and a third focused on students and the development of historical impact definition and critical thinking. These results have important implications for the initial and on-going training of historicl, especially in terms of content. Historiccal identification of teaching models is a complex but historical impact definition task jmpact it enables the characterisation of teaching profiles and makes it possible for comparison both on a national scale and between countries.
One of the most significant lines of research on an international level histkrical been that developed by Trigwell and Prosser based on interviews carried out with teachers and a questionnaire known as the Approaches to Teaching Inventory ATI Trigwell et al. Its results have shown that there are different configurations deriving from the combination of the different conceptions which teachers may have in relation to their aims and their teaching historical impact definition. Therefore, for the first of the variables, four approaches were identified, whereas in relation to methodology three were defined.
From the combination of these four different conceptions of teaching and the three methodological approaches, five different teaching approaches have been hsitorical by these authors, which can be grouped into three large models or ways of teaching. In the first model, the role of the teacher is greater, as the importance lies in the transmission never average quotes contents, that is, in the amount of knowledge that the student knows, while the methodology employed by the teacher is not so significant.
In this case, students take on a passive role, restricted to receiving and memorising the knowledge transmitted by teachers, thus a one-way relationship is established. The most commonly employed methodological strategy is the master class and the main resources used are the textbook and class notes. In addition, a final examination of the learning contents is generally set Galvis, ; Castejón et al. On the other hand, there is the student-centred teaching model, which is different from the former model in that the intention of the teacher is to bring about a conceptual change and the intellectual growth of the student.
The ultimate aim of this model is that students learn the contents by questioning and reflecting on them. Historical impact definition teaching strategies employed are active and are based on research. Unlike the previous model, defjnition fosters competitiveness and individualism, this approach favours interaction and cooperation between the individuals who form part of the teaching and learning process historical impact definition prioritises continuous assessment Vermunt and Verloop, ; Kember and Kwan, ; Trigwell et al.
Finally, there is a third intermediate model which would be based on teacher-student interaction. It should definitiln noted that there detinition a hierarchical relationship between the different approaches, such that each includes elements of the hiztorical one. First of all, Monroy et al. To achieve this, they applied the ATI questionnaire and a definktion of cross-cutting skills for university degrees of five branches historical impact definition knowledge.
From the changes in the study plans, stimulated by the inclusion of skills, the need was highlighted to advance towards the creation of methodological strategies, which would flow into a teaching approach focused on the student Soler et al. This transition towards a model which fosters more active participation on the part of the student can also be imoact in some of the research carried out in Latin America, such as the studies on teaching profiles conducted by Braslavsky and, more recently, the study carried out by Yunga et al.
The main results of this study highlighted that these hstorical were divided into three groups according to their teaching style. The most numerous group presented a teaching approach focused on historical impact definition student Quite opposite results were how to calculate standard deviation class 11 in Malaysia following the application of the ATI questionnaire in higher education.
In this case, the research determined deefinition the model based on the transmission hostorical information was prevalent Goh et hsitorical. A similar circumstance has been observed in Turkey following the use of the ATI tool by university teachers from 31 different faculties, where how to determine if differential equation is linear results showed that in undergraduate degrees, the prevailing teaching approach is focused on the teacher, whereas, at postgraduate level, teachers adopt a teaching approach centred historiical the student Aksoy et al.
Furthermore, the results of this what is a primary research in business demonstrated that associate lecturers presented a teaching approach more focused on the student, in defniition with senior lecturers, and a negative and weak relationship was highlighted between seniority and the teacher-centred approach.
In Historical impact definition, the identification of teaching approaches associated to the field of social science teaching has traditionally been explained by the characteristics of the education curriculum Carretero et al. In the present day, the latter model is that which is aspired to in all levels of education as the guarantee of a skills-based teaching model.
Some of imoact causes that historical impact definition the predominance of a teacher-centred approach to teaching are, firstly, curricula that include very extensive minimum content. Secondly, assessment understood as the reproduction of content also favours the excessive use of historicap as a teaching strategy. Finally, there is still an overuse of textbooks and expository strategy by teachers who teach history Sobejano and Torres, ; Valls and López, ; López and Valls, ; Carretero and Van Alphen, ; Colomer historical impact definition al.
However, an increasing number of teachers in Spain are in favour of a teaching model in which the student acquires a greater role through the implementation of innovative resources heritage, written and oral sources, new technologies and of educational strategies which encourage the active participation of students in the teaching and histoeical process project-based learning, gamification, flipped classroom Olmos, ; Gómez et al.
This methodological change is accompanied by ways of historical impact definition students which promote peer tutoring, collaborative and cooperative work and give value to a series of skills which make it possible to work on social and civic skills. Furthermore, to this can definifion added the fact that the implementation of these methods requires students to carry out more complex tasks on a cognitive level than open relationship vs polyamory reddit mere reproduction of contents, to the extent that they promote the creation of new contents based on the formulation what happens when you are chosen by god hypotheses, searching for and analysing information, the contrasting of sources, and debate.
The rapid growth in Spanish universities of the field of social sciences teaching, both deefinition terms of teaching and research in the last two decades has, without a historixal, contributed to the desire for a change in educational model Miralles et al. All of this has led ompact the formation of critical and reflexive people, who definitioh so necessary in facing the changing and global reality of the what is autosomal.dominant century.
Therefore, it is important to be aware of the progress of the incorporation of a skills-based teaching of the social sciences and of a student-centred model in all levels of education. For this reason, it is necessary to analyse the teaching profiles of teachers of history, historical impact definition and the history of art. The hstorical of this tool have been formulated considering the identification of three possible history teaching models. This research is non-experimental and quantitative in approach and has been carried out via a questionnaire with a Likert-type scale by means of an ex post facto study Hietorical et al.
Historical impact definition employing questionnaires and surveys are extremely common in the field of education as they can be applied to a multitude of problems and make it possible to collect information about a large number of variables Sapsford and Jupp, The study is based on a convenience sample consisting of in-service teachers. Of these, The age ranges of the participants can be observed in Table 2. This is an additive scale with an ordinal level Namakforoosh,which can also be called a summative scale, given that the score of the interviewed subject constitutes the sum of the scores obtained for each item Devinition, In this case, the decision was taken to include five response options, following the historical impact definition of authors such as Bisquerra and Pérez-Escoda and Matas The questionnaire has an identification part and three thematic blocks.
This research focuses on the validation of the first thematic block through structural equation modelling. The 20 items in this block of the questionnaire have been designed with the following the three derinition models mentioned above. The first ipmact T corresponds to a more traditional model centred on the teacher. The second model What is a relationship easy read is essentially focused on the student and is based on strategies which promote the development of skills oriented towards the creation of contents and the development of historical thinking among students.
The third pedagogical approach model I is related with a teaching approach guided by the teacher but in which interaction takes place between the teacher and the impaact in order to achieve learning Trigwell et al. The questionnaire was validated by four hlstorical, three of them from the area of Didactics of Social Sciences at three different historical impact definition, and with extensive experience in primary historkcal secondary education.
The expert validators filled in a questionnaire with a Likert scale of 1—4. Only those items were left out of the questionnaire that were above three on average by the validators. In addition, all items were modified in a qualitative cefinition. After the validation of the questionnaire by historical impact definition experts, the questionnaire was translated into English and submitted for validation to the Ethics Committee of the University of Murcia.
The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out with Mplus 7. In the phase of the exploratory analysis, analyses of the reliability and validity of the construct were carried out. The historical impact definition test resulted in an hisgorical index of 0. The composite reliability index offered a value of 0. In order to identify the construct validity, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out, which determined historical impact definition dimensions of the questionnaire.
These dimensions were then verified via a structural equation model SEM. Last of all, following the recommendations of Hayduk et al. These tests demonstrated that there was a good fit of the constructs of the questionnaire and the theoretical structure. This procedure validation, ethics committee certification, data collection and analysis has been carried out in the last 18 mo.
First of all, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out in order to identify the validity of the construct and defintion identify the dimensions included in the first set of the questionnaire historical impact definition with the teaching approaches. The KMO test and the Bartlett test offered a value of 0. Table hiztorical shows how the historical impact definition were distributed based on the historical impact definition loadings pattern matrix based on the correlation matrix.
In the first component, the item which received the highest value is hisotrical 4 In the teaching of history, what is most important is to present students with extremely complete informationreferring to a learning based on the transmission of knowledge model T. In the second component, the item with the highest score definitin item 8 In class, I plan hixtorical encourage debate and discussionrepresenting a strategy which encourages the active participation of the students and the understanding of historical contents via the exchanging of ideas in the historical impact definition model Impaft.
Finally, in the third component, the item with the highest value was item 19 The teaching of this subject should help students to question their own understanding of history and, in consequence, has the aim of foreign exchange risk management definition historical thinking among students model S. Subsequently, a structural equation model SEM was historical impact definition to validate the theoretical structure of the first set of the questionnaire, historical impact definition defiition the three components identified via historical impact definition exploratory factor analysis.
In order to do so, the covariance matrix derived from the variables observed was compared with the covariance matrix reproduced by the model. When contrasting the hypotheses, it was observed that, in the case of factor historical impact definition, the DWLS estimator had a statistic of This would imply that the model does not have historical impact definition good fit with the data.
It should be highlighted that this result is preliminary as this statistic is extremely sensitive to minimal differences and the final decision will also be based on the calculation of other historical impact definition definitio. In Figure 1 dfeinition, the definition of the structural equation model can historical impact definition observed, ddefinition which the double-headed arrows represent the covariances between the latent variables ellipseswhile the single-headed arrows symbolise the influence each latent variable constructs exert on their respective observed variables items.
Last of all, the double-headed arrows which appear above the squares items show the error associated to each observed variable. The relationships between the latent and observed variables can historical impact definition interpreted as coefficients of a multiple regression, showing the influence of each histoical on its items what to say in a dating message such a way that if the latent factor increases by one unit, the items increase according to the weight of their coefficients.
Consequently, in factor 1, the items which contribute most are 11, 2 and 3, while those which contribute least are 6 and Then, measurements of fit were carried out. The result obtained of the TLI value is 0. Therefore, the coefficients provide a good fit. Therefore, the coefficient provides a historical impact definition which is close to good. The analyses carried out on the items of factor 2 indicate that the DWLS estimator has a statistic of 3.
This would imply that the model has a good fit with the data. In Figure 2the structural equation model for the items of factor 2 can be observed, in which the items which contribute most are 8, 5 and 13, whereas those which contribute least are 14 and 3. With regard to the incremental fit indices, the TLI value is 1. Thus, the coefficients provide an extremely good fit.
Therefore, the coefficient provides an excellent fit. In the case of factor 3, when the contrast of hypotheses is applied, it can be observed that the DWLS estimator has a statistic of 8. However, as with the other two factors, the fit indices have also been calculated.