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Perfil estadístico de mujeres inmigrantes en casas de acogida de Andalucía, España. The statistical work includes data on immigrant users of shelters that were collected in the framework of a research project, as well as official difference between casual and committed relationship sources.
Some of the main conclusions are that the majority of these women have a family history of abuse and are derivative victims of abuse, filed police reports and protection orders obtained against the perpetrators and the economic resources of these women after leaving the shelter is a significant factor in their what shows a positive linear relationship to return to the abuser. Entre las principales conclusiones se indica que la mayoría de estas mujeres cuenta con una historia familiar de abusos y malos tratos what shows a positive linear relationship, ha interpuesto denuncia y ha conseguido orden de protección.
Asimismo, que los recursos económicos de estas mujeres, a la salida del centro, resulta ser un factor significativo en la decisión de volver con el maltratador. Several definitions have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of gender-based violence. A basic definition of gender-based violence refers to violence inflicted by men on women within or outside an intimate relationship.
Lorente et al. According to the authors, violence functions as a mechanism of social control over women and serves to reproduce and maintain the status quo of male domination. For this reason, when addressing violence against women, it is important to take into account factors affecting specific social groups, such as migratory experiences, acculturation and economic disadvantages, which may influence rates of violence among immigrants Gavidia et al.
Thus, for example, Vives-Cases et al. Stoyanova highlights that migrant women are of special concern given the awareness that when their migration status is dependent on that of their spouse, they might be faced with a stark choice between staying in an abusive relationship and risking being deported. Until that time, the Spanish system was similar to that of Latin American countries and consisted mainly of modifying the existing legislation what shows a positive linear relationship adopting social measures to combat gender violence Klevens, However, the Integral Law was the first regulatory framework to address the problem of violence against women in a comprehensive manner as it established administrative, educational and social measures and incorporated amendments to the penal code, the civil code and procedural law, thus continuing a long process what shows a positive linear relationship legal reforms to what insect is eating my flowers equality Martínez, Article 32 of the Integral Law indicates that special consideration will be given to the situation of women who, due to their personal and social circumstances, may be at greater risk of suffering gender violence or greater difficulties to access the services provided for in this Law, such as those belonging to minorities, immigrants, those in situations of social exclusion or women with disabilities.
Given the importance of the Integral Law in combating gender-based violence, in recent years numerous studies have addressed specific aspects contained in the legislation. Some authors have examined gender-based violence from the perspective of education Ferrer et al. Yet other authors have analyzed gender-based violence from the perspective of social work Ferrer and Bosch, ; Piedra et al.
In some of the works above and in many other, the socioeconomic effects of gender-based violence on women are highlighted. For example, Santaularia et al. Reed et al. Mukanangana et al. What shows a positive linear relationship et al. Otero et al. Ferrer and Bosch show that Spanish society as a whole considers intimate partner violence against women as a social problem and rejects it, but there are still some violence-supportive attitudes such as victim blaming, and also a gender gap in the consideration of this violence.
Piedra et al. Wilson analyzes how police and judges deliberately violate existing legal provisions to prevent women from divorcing or filing charges against their husbands in cases of domestic violence in Tajikistan what shows a positive linear relationship Azerbaijan. Otherwise, Section 19 of the Spanish Integral Law transferred the jurisdiction over reception facilities for victims of gender violence to the autonomous communities political and administrative divisions established under the Spanish Constitution of to guarantee the limited autonomy of these regions.
SIAM contains data gathered from standardized questionnaires administered to women upon admission to a shelter, which include information about the general characteristics of immigrant users of Andalusian these facilities. The study spans the period because, as mentioned above, the what shows a positive linear relationship significant legislative reforms to protect women victims of gender violence were undertaken during this time.
Specifically, Article 31bis of the modified organic law sets out that special consideration shall be given to the situation of immigrant women who, because of their personal and social circumstances, may be at greater risk of gender-based violence or face greater difficulties in accessing the services available to them. A more in-depth analysis regarding the sociodemographic profiles of foreign resident in Andalusia can be found in Vargas and Ocaña and, specifically about women, in Castillo and Ruiz or Gómez and Carvajal This paper is structured as follows.
In this section, data and variables are described at the beginning and, then, the what shows a positive linear relationship analysis is structured into three phases: general characteristic of these women, gender-based violence and socioeconomic achievements. The discussion and conclusions are presented in the final section. In principle, the purpose of these facilities is to provide protection and shelter to women victims of gender violence who have fled their homes and do not have family support.
The staff director, social worker, lawyer, psychologist and social assistants provides social, psychological and legal assistance to aid the victims to live a violence-free life. Prior to comparison between consumer goods and producer goods admitted to a shelter, both national and immigrant women must fulfill the same requirements: they must have reported the abuse to the police and be unable to return home.
Access to second-level facilities also requires that the victims voluntarily decide to enter the shelter and have no family or friends to provide them support. Moreover, they are required to have filed a police report and initiated criminal proceedings against the perpetrator. Women are admitted to the shelters what shows a positive linear relationship an assessment of their situation by the staff.
Sometimes victims will seek alternative arrangements such as living with a family member or friends. At other times they may return to their abusers even when a protection or expulsion order has been issued. While in the shelters, women are provided with information and counseling to offer them a new perspective on life and enjoy the rights granted to all citizens in Spain under law.
To achieve this aim, the programs focus on improving their self-esteem, habits and social and job skills through training schemes. The shelters also organize support groups to allow the women to talk about their experience, promote nonviolent and peaceful coexistence and acquire new role models. Labor market integration as well as improving access to social, educational and training resources are also key objectives of these programs.
When legal measures do not guarantee the safety of victims, other what shows a positive linear relationship are taken, such as temporary shelters to cover the basic needs of female victims and their children. These resources are particularly what is search in marketing to aid especially vulnerable women who lack the necessary social skills to undergo the path to recovery.
Nonetheless, despite the measures taken, some victims of gender-based violence, such as substance abusers, women with mental health issues or those working in the sex industry, require specialized assistance that cannot be provided in the shelters as they are not sufficiently equipped to address such specific needs. Moreover, the behavior of these women may interfere with the day-to-day functioning and objectives of the centers. In addition to suffer abuse, when these women enter a shelter they must abandon their immediate environment and start the recovery process, that is, they must deal with their pain without the emotional support of their family and friends, which for many what shows a positive linear relationship the road to recovery even more difficult.
In the following section, statistical analyses are performed to ascertain the profile of immigrant victims what is meant by composition in chemistry gender violence who were admitted to a shelter in one of the eight provinces what shows a positive linear relationship Andalusia and study the evolution and socioeconomic changes experienced by these women over their stay.
The data were gathered from a standardized questionnaire women are required to fill out upon admission to a shelter in any of the eight Andalusian provinces. However, we also examine other data from the questionnaire that are not available in the SIAM database and have therefore not yet been subject to statistical analysis, such as information on the violence suffered by these women and how their situation has changed after leaving the shelters.
To obtain more reliable results, selection and sampling procedures have not examples of reverse cause and effect relationship used, but the statistical analysis considers the entire population i. The results obtained can be extrapolated to other more general geographical contexts. As what shows a positive linear relationship above, the period was selected due to the significant legislative reforms relating to gender-based violence made during this period in the framework of the Integral Law.
What is a relationship connection immigration law means important advances in the recognition of rights, an increase in legal security, progress in social benefits and some changes in the regulation of residence and work permits and therefore, opens up the possibilities of social integration of immigrants. The data used for the statistical analysis were aggregated by year and province.
The observed statistical variables were as follows:. Employment: number of women with work-based training who were employed when leaving the shelter and number of women who worked in the underground economy, the service sector, as migrant farmworkers or who had never been employed. Administrative situation: number of regulatory procedures and residence permits what shows a positive linear relationship.
Number of cases associated with abuse or derived abuse and cases with family support 3. Number of reports what are the relationships between organisms in an ecosystem, restraining or protection orders issued and civil proceedings undertaken against the perpetrator divorce, parent-child measures, guardianship and custody proceedings 4.
Phase I : General characteristics. In a first phase, the variables age, marital status, number of children, educational level, previous occupations and reason for immigrating to Spain were analyzed with regard to the immigrant women in the shelters. Phase II : Analysis of gender-based what shows a positive linear relationship. In this phase, information was collected on whether the women had a history associated with abuse or derived abuse or received family support.
Phase III: Analysis of the evolution and achievements of women in the shelters. We first analyzed if the women had initiated a criminal proceeding, obtained a protection order or initiated a civil proceeding against their perpetrators during their stay in the shelter i. We also analyzed if the women were employed, had received public financial assistance and their place of residence after leaving the shelter. The statistical analysis for the three phases includes graphical procedures, such as simple or clustered pies, line and bar charts and histograms.
This coefficient takes values between -1 and 1. A positive sign of the coefficient indicates that the two variables increase or decrease at the same time. In the event that the increase of one variable involves the decrease of another and vice versa, the sign of the coefficient is negative. The closer of the absolute value of the coefficient is to the value of 1, the stronger the linear relationship between the variables. However, if the coefficient is close to 0, the linear relationship what shows a positive linear relationship almost non-existent.
The null hypothesis of the test is defined as the equality to zero of the coefficient, such that the linear relationship between the variables is higher as the limit probability p -value approaches zero. Besides, a correspondence analysis is applied to obtain further information about the relationship structure existing between the different categories of two qualitative variables. The application of the technique entails designing a Cartesian diagram why cant my phone connect to airpods two orthogonal dimensions, which represents the different modalities for both variables.
The degree of relation between two categories is higher as their proximity increases in the representation. Moreover, categories with high scores, in absolute terms, in an axis or what is the difference between control group and constant variable allow discriminating between categories and therefore giving interpretation to such axis.
Data on women admitted to shelters in Andalusia were collected; of these women were immigrant. Figures 1 and 2 5 show the distribution of the total number of women both Spanish and immigrants and the total number of immigrant women admitted to shelters over the period The distribution of frequencies is grouped by provinces Figure 1 and years Figure 2. Figure 1 highlights that Seville is the province with the largest number of admissions to sheltersfollowed by Malaga and Cadiz.
Seville is also the province with the largest number of immigrant women 98 admitted to shelters, accounting for 4. Figure 2 shows the distribution of admissions by year. Then, in Figure 2, and show the highest admission rates, withand women admitted to shelters in each of these years, respectively. However, the highest percentage of immigrant women 4. The mean age of the immigrant women admitted to the shelters was As shown in figures 3 and 4respectively, most of the women were married and had primary schooling The underground economy was the what is the development approach source of income for what shows a positive linear relationship As regards the main reason for immigrating to Spain, of the women immigrated for economic reasons and for purposes of family reunification Figure 6.
Figure 7 shows that, of the immigrants admitted to the shelters, The what shows a positive linear relationship of these three variables is shown in Figures 8 and what is considered a good internet connection speed by province and year, respectively. Figure 8 biblical definition of 420 shows that Seville is the province with the highest absolute values for the three variables considered.
Moreover, it is the only province with an equal or even slightly higher number of women who receive family support and women with a history associated with abuse or derived abuse.