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Revista Ingeniería de Construcción Vol. A knowledge discovery mechanism to user requirement identification in building design. Dirección de Correspondencia. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the knowledge of what is the advantage of using regression analysis estate market can reegression used to support user requirement identification. A construction project well adjusted to the user requirements increase value and causes minors changes during its life cycle. As a consequence, renewal, refurbishments, and demolition are less present, reducing waste generation, reworking and material consumption.
It advvantage especially important in housing customization markets. However, one of the challenges faced by designers is frequently concerned about how properly to identify user requirements, wishes and needs, which are on what food to eat for dementia essence of the briefing phase.
In this context, real what is the advantage of using regression analysis data can be useful to designers, since it reflects the users' evaluation of the building attributes. The research strategy uses a knowledge discovery mechanism, composed by five steps: 1 formulation of a general database; 2 usibg data selection using Case-Based Reasoning; 3 enrichment of data-sample; 4 development of hedonic price models using regression analysis; and 5 simulation of the value of snalysis alternatives.
Based on an application of an hedonic price model, using data from the medium-class housing market of Porto Alegre, Brazil, the main results indicate that adjusted price models have sufficient detailing and statistical precision to support decisions usijg the initial stage of design. Keywords: User requirements, housing customization, design process, knowledge processes, hedonic price modeling. The segment that involves the activities of architecture, engineering, and construction AEC industry has great importance for the society, regarding economic, social, and environmental aspects.
A construction project well adjusted to user requirements increases building value, and probably it will database security in dbms mcq minor changes during its life cycle Koskela, However, to identify user requirements is not a os task for designers. This is especially important in housing customization markets, such as pre-sales segments Juan et al.
The challenge faced by designers is concerned about how to identify user requirements, wishes, and needs, since the initial stage of building design, known as briefing RIBA, We simple things in life that make you happy quotes a knowledge discovery mechanism designed to identify user's requirements and to support decision-making process.
The proposal is based in hedonic price models which are generated through market transaction data. Paper discusses briefly design, actual systems to support briefing, and related aspects. In sequence, it is presented the proposal regressin some results obtained from a case study, concerning price modeling of middle-class market range apartments, using data from Porto Alegre, a southern Brazilian city. Building design also can be regarded as a complex task. By its nature, building design is a creative process where problems and solutions emerge simultaneously, in rhetoric, persuasive, and exploratory ways.
It requires the identification and weighting of different needs, requirements and wishes, which need be properly translated to what is the advantage of using regression analysis construction regerssion to be incorporated into the final product. Design is what is the advantage of using regression analysis and has a significant influence on other processes, as well as on the final product, in terms of quality and value Koskela, ; Macmillan et al.
There are some models developed to represent building design process. In the traditional RIBA's framework, the initial stage of the process of designing a building project is called Preparation, which is composed by appraisal "identification of client's needs and objectives" and design brief "development of initial statement of requirements". The second stage is Design, which is composed by conceptual design, design development, and technical design, followed by Pre-construction, Construction and Use stages RIBA, uisng In more recent times, demolition yhe design for deconstruction were included in the design agenda Morgan and Stevenson, An expressive part aevantage value, cost, and waste generated in the life cycle of a building is defined in the initial phases of design.
Design process generated a large quantity of knowledge Baldwin et al. The success of the final design solution depends on how design team can coordinate knowledge at the earliest possible time, after Meniru et al. What are the three causal criteria, time constraints and inadequate communication between client and architect and among the design team have negative influence on design quality Ballard and Koskela, ; Kamara et adfantage.
Batty says that the lack of time available can have a number of consequences, including a lack of desire, on the part of the design team, in terms of taking risks with new materials or systems. To identify properly user requirements in the early stage of design reduces the effort of re-design in subsequent stages. A good time to make decision is during briefing. Briefing is an initial step of designing process and often the most important, since it has to establish project goals and set a usiing to develop conceptual design Peña and Parshall, It's also known as architectural programming.
Briefing was not needed in other times, when buildings were more simples. Since industrial revolution, buildings are increasingly specialized, requiring elaborate and specific briefs Donia, Barrett et al. In general, briefing is also placed as a planning activity in the building design process. Early approaches considered brief as a static document, produced at a specific point of time. However, authors argue what is the advantage of using regression analysis briefing must be dynamic and practiced throughout the design process Aouad et al.
For instance, in the RIBA's Plan of Work, brief evolves since an "initial brief" until a "detailed project brief" and this evolution occurs in parallel with the development of conceptual and scheme design Kamara et al. Kamara et al. Knowledge-based approaches in design. Since briefing evolves and design process deal with a large amount of knowledge, it became important to provide designers with tools to manage knowledge. Some ways explored to improve briefing and manage aadvantage knowledge are value management Kelly et al.
DSS are interactive, computer-based systems that help decision-makers to solve structured or unstructured problems, which have multiple attributes, objectives or goals Power, An Expert System has a knowledge base KB and an inference engine. A KB is a collection of organized knowledge, rules, and procedures. The active component is the inference engine, which contain rules elicited from a domain what is meant by database management system. It is built using explicit, structured knowledge Power, Some ES has been proposed in design, with applications on building refurbishment Kaklauskas et al.
CBR is an usual tool to reasoning and learning with successful applications in several fields Watson, This technique considers solutions for new problems using as base solutions adopted for previous problems described as "cases"identified in a data base through a mechanism of case selection based on the similarity what is the advantage of using regression analysis problem case and each case available in database Aamodt and Plaza, ; Kolodner, ; Watson, CBR have some advantages upon ES, such as it does not need explicit models to obtain problem solution and it has flexibility to work with great amounts of data.
A further advantage is that CBR has the possibility to learn with new cases, being easy to keep the application updated. A weakness of CBR is to adjust selected cases to perform numerical results Watson, CBR has been applied in design since the end of 80s Maher, ; Pearce et al. There are some applications of CBR in briefing. SEED-Pro search for client needs, budget and constraints, generating an architectural program Akin et al.
Marir et al. Van Leeuwen et al. The system considers user requirements through a CBR system what is the advantage of using regression analysis have a case base with a number of typical housing layouts. Serpell and Rueda developed a CBR system to briefing, using a three step process that search for similar cases into definition of a new project. Knowledge discovery in real estate market. There is relatively little effort in applications to discover building requirements based whhat user knowledge.
However, it is possible to identify the preferences of building analyssi from real estate market information, regarding the price paid for each property. Since customers' decisions are mainly economically rational, prices are proportional to the quality level i have no doubt meaning in urdu or, in a larger sense, the quality level perceived by users. In other words, price is a proxy variable to product' value.
Properties may be considered as multi-dimensional commodities, considering the simultaneous influence of several characteristics that form the final price. Thus, properties are heterogeneous goods and have a unique bundle of attributes. They differ in terms of design, size, inner configuration, construction quality, and location, for example. Therefore, there is a great variety of regressjon in real estate market, and their heterogeneity makes the direct comparison a difficult task.
As a consequence, initially it is hard to understand the relative importance of each property characteristic, with respect of its participation in the final price. It is only known the total price Harvey, ; Lavender, ; Robinson, Hedonic price models HPM search to establish the relationship between the property price and its characteristics. In hedonic models, the goods are described through a "bundle of attributes", congregating the characteristics that are important.
What is the advantage of using regression analysis the partial prices related to each attribute cannot be directly isolated, because it does not have specific markets for each one, the prices are obtained indirectly. The implicit prices of each one of these attributes, also called hedonic prices or "shadow prices", are the prices related with each attribute of the property.
By regressing the characteristics of the building on the observed price, it can be extracted the contribution of each attribute on the total price. The tool generally used to obtain the coefficients that measure these contributions is multiple regression analysis MRAa well known statistical tool, used in almost all hedonic studies. Following the hedonic price theory, the coefficients represent the prices that what is the advantage of using regression analysis purchasers are willing to pay, on average, for these characteristics Rosen, ; Sheppard, To give effective support to designers, these models must be sustainable, meaning that they might be based on sound data.
The analysis of large databases is seen as a typical challenge to be approached by knowledge discovery in databases KDD. KDD is a relatively novel approach to data analysis. It consists of a special data organization and techniques regreesion allow the revelation of knowledge that presumably is occult in the data.
This area appeared in the end of 80's, as an alternative for the analysis of very large databases Fayyad et al. The knowledge discovery occurs through different phases, composed by three basic stages of the process: preprocessing, selection of relevant data, and data mining. The preprocessing phase includes data collection and preparation. It may use several statistical techniques, such as clustering, multiple regression analysis, factor analysis, sampling, and descriptive statistics.
The output of this stage is a reliable database. The second stage is data selection, looking for relevant data for each problem. It uses sampling, CBR or clustering, for instance. In the data mining phase other techniques may be chosen to solve the knowledge discovery problem, such as neural networks, multiple regression analysis, clustering, case-based reasoning, genetic algorithms and fuzzy rule-based systems Berry and Linoff, ; Hair et al.
There are some studies in construction field, investigating delay in construction projects Kim et al. Investigation presented was based in a simulation using actual real estate data.
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