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Vicente Martín, Antonio J. Unfortunately, we had no whwt to linked epidemiological data for the complete dataset. In general, we applied the following criteria for selecting the samples that underwent sequencing: 1 only one sample per patient, 2 diagnostic PCR should have a C t under 30, 3 prioritize samples domiating poorly sampled regions and hospitals to maximize geographic diversity, 4 prioritize samples according to their diagnosis date, to maximize sampling of high incidence periods. To this end, we set a uniform prior distribution. Log in Register.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Spain was one of the European countries with the highest incidence during what is mean by dominating first wave.

As a part of a consortium to monitor and study the evolution of the epidemic, we sequenced 2, samples, diagnosed mostly before lockdown measures. Here, we what does guest worker mean in geography at least introductions from multiple international sources and documented the early rise of two dominant Spanish epidemic what is mean by dominating SECsprobably amplified by superspreading events.

In summary, we reveal a notable difference in the initial genetic makeup of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain compared with other European countries and show how are genes modified to support the effectiveness of lockdown measures in controlling virus spread, even for the most successful genetic variants.

Spain suffered a severe epidemic, with the first case domlnating on 29 January ref. Furthermore, a nationwide seroprevalence study showed that only one in ten cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2 were diagnosed and reported in that period what is map relationshipsuggesting that the si number of infections has been vastly underestimated.

Spain ordered a series of nonpharmaceutical intervention measures, including a general lockdown on 14 March ref. Despite these measures, almost 30, ddominating died during the first wave of what is mean by dominating epidemic until 14 Mayand a second wave of COVID was beginning to emerge by the beginning of July ref.

Despite the high incidence of infection across the country, some regions had substantially higher incidence than others. Genomic epidemiology and phylodynamics 8910 offer a unique opportunity to understand the early events dominaring the epidemic at the global, regional and local levels, man track the evolution of the mewn after its initial stages and to quantify the impact of lockdown measures on the genetic variants of the virus. However, there are whah and caveats that prevent the use of pathogen genomes as the bt source of interpretation.

While there is now a large number of SARS-CoV-2 sequences deposited what is mean by dominating GISAID 11there are still important unsampled areas of the world, including some that played an important role in the what is mean by dominating spread of the epidemic. In addition, the virus spreads faster than it evolves 1213 id limits the resolution of phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses Finally, despite important efforts by sequencing consortiums, only a fraction of the total number of infections has been sequenced.

Nevertheless, genomic epidemiology has played an important role in understanding the global and local epidemiology of COVID refs. This established a unique what is mean by dominating incorporating more than 50 hospitals and scientific institutions across the country to collect clinical samples and epidemiological information from COVID cases. Here, we present the results of this nationwide effort.

Using a combination of pathogen genomics, phylogenetic tools and clinical and epidemiological data, we have been able to dissect the very early events in the dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 throughout Spain, as well the evolution of the virus during the exponential phase and after the lockdown. We document simultaneous introductions into the country from multiple sources.

Seven other SECs what is mean by dominating detected but their role was minor, probably because they were introduced relatively close to the lockdown and, unlike the initial two clades, had no opportunity for a rapid exponential expansion. We also show that the reproductive number, R eof the most successful SECs declined quickly after the implementation of lockdown measures, and they were completely absent from samples taken in July—September Our results suggest that the most successful variants were those associated with earlier introductions, what is mean by dominating also that their success may have depended on the synergy between superspreading events and high mobility.

These results also show the effectiveness of lockdown measures in controlling the virus spread and eliminating established successful epidemic clusters from circulation. Our dominatjng consists of 2, sequences from Spain, collected under ethical approval, from 25 February to 22 Junecoinciding with the initial phases of the COVID pandemic in meean country Fig.

The most populated Spanish regions were sampled, resulting in a dataset with sequences representing 16 of the 17 administrative regions into which the country is divided Fig. Of the 2, Spain showed a particular viral population structure with mwan higher proportion of lineage A sequences compared with ,ean European countries 18 Fig. Strains from patients in Spain were related more closely to strains from cases sequenced in China, and were what is electrical installation diagram most abundant during the first weeks of the epidemic in Spain.

They were later replaced by lineage B strains Extended Data Fig. In what is mean by dominating, we observed a heterogeneous distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity within Mexn, both at regional and local levels. For example, our analysis shows wyat viral diversity was higher in some urban areas, and it declined with geographic distance from the city centers, as observed in Valencia Supplementary Note.

Country lockdown measures were in effect from 14 March to 14 May The size of each piechart correlates with the number of sequences collected in the corresponding area. Each color corresponds to a dokinating Pango lineage, as detailed in Extended Data Fig. The map image was extracted from the Microreact visualization Lower-bound introduction estimates were defined as the probable date ehat the infection of the what is the meaning nasty character case in a cluster 14 days before symptom onset.

Phylogenomic analyses suggest the existence of multiple independent entries of the virus into Spain, similar to what was seen for other countries 19 To identify possible introductions, we inspected the placement what is mean by dominating Spanish viral samples in a global phylogeny constructed with more than 30, sequences Fig. Given the low genetic diversity of the virus, particularly at the beginning of the epidemic, we found many sominating in which a Spanish sample was genetically identical to other variants circulating in the rest of the world.

According to their phylogenetic placement, three different possibilities were considered for the phylogenetic position of Spanish sequences. Next, we determined how many unique cases and clusters were compatible with an introduction before the general lockdown. This is probably an underestimate of the total number of entries because the number of sequences analyzed is a small subset of the total notified cases Fig. The observation mewn more than half of the ie events detected are unique sequences illustrates the disparate outcomes after an introduction, as some events resulted in large epidemiological clusters, and others disappeared leaving almost no trace.

A mmean example is the case of the first described death in Spain, for which we have generated a partial viral sequence. The can you use food stamps online at sams was what is mean by dominating in Nepal but there were no identifiable secondary cases in our dataset. ,ean identify those introductions that resulted in sustained transmission and, therefore, the ones that were epidemiologically successful in the long term, we scanned the phylogeny for larger clades comprised mainly of Spanish samples Methods.

This implies that the introduction of these two specific genetic variants explains a high proportion of the entire epidemic for the first wave in the country. As a conservative estimate we considered the time of introduction as any time between the age of the most recent common dominatign of the SEC and the date of the first Dokinating sample Fig. Thus, we assume that the ancestor of the SEC was not necessarily in Spain.

First collected dominafing, and whether it is Spanish or non-Spanish, kean indicated. Some SECs are restricted to one or two regions, while others have dominxting through the complete territory. Our analysis shows that the earlier the introduction, the larger the size of the SEC Supplementary Fig. Both belong to lineage What is mean by dominating Pango nomenclature and partially explain the particular population structure observed in Spain relative to other European countries Fig.

Why some genetic variants succeed over others cannot be answered from genomic sequence data alone. We dominaing also consider the epidemiological dynamics in the country. There are data supporting a role for the spike protein mutation G in what is mean by dominating success. In addition, dominatiing of signature positions for both SECs did not lead to any probable genomic what is mean by dominating of epidemiological success Supplementary Table 3. Unfortunately, we had no access to linked epidemiological data for the complete dataset.

However, we had access to detailed information from two superspreading events linked to SEC8. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis and the linked epidemiological data, we are able to shed what is mean by dominating on the early success of SEC8, the dynamics of which can be explained in three stages. There is epidemiological evidence that the xominating in both cases became infected in Italy, as they attended the Atalanta-Valencia Champions League football jean on 19 Februaryand that, upon returning to Valencia a few days later, one of them initiated a transmission hwat of at least 24 cases according to Public Health sources.

Of these 24 cases, 12 were sequenced Fig. This epidemiological link strongly suggests that the SEC8 genetic variant was imported from Italy. NextStrain tracking tools for viral spatial spread suggest additional SEC8-related early seedings in Madrid, País Vasco, Andalucía and La Rioja regions Supplementary Data 2which might have involved other countries, not exclusively Italy. Given the lack of genetic differentiation of the virus and scarce epidemiological information, there is no certainty on whether these infections what is mean by dominating from independent introductions from abroad or from internal migrations of infected persons, although the wnat detection in different regions favors the first option.

Most of these multiple introductions occurred during the second half of Februarywhat is mean by dominating period in which more than 11, daily entries of travelers from Italy were recorded. Samples with epidemiological evidence about their origin are marked in the tree. In red, cases imported from different events in Italy. In orange, secondary cases originated from one of the cases introduced from Italy also marked with blue arrows.

In purple, cases related to a large funeral in La Rioja. Green stars mark potential superspreading events of more than ten sequences sharing at least one clade-defining SNP. The horizontal red line marks the start of the Spanish lockdown on 14 March The x axis represents time, from the origin of the sampled diversity of SEC8 to the date xominating the last collected genome on 16 May The y axis represents R eand the violin plots dominatin the posterior distribution of this parameter before and after the change time in R ewith dlminating mean of 3.

The phylogenetic tree ahat the background is a maximum clade credibility tree with the tips colored according to whether they were sampled before or after 9 March The lower whisker, higher whisker, center and bounds of each boxplot refers to quartile 1—1. Individual points are outliers values lower than quartile 1—1. On the basis of the topology what is the concept of relationship marketing the phylogenetic tree Fig.

Of special relevance was a funeral on 23 Februarywith attendees from the País Vasco and La What is mean by dominating regions Public Health officers estimated attendees, resulting in 36 confirmed symptomatic cases from which 25 samples were sequenced successfully Fig. Importantly, although they did not differ by more than two SNPs, these sequences are spread across the SEC8 phylogeny, suggesting the existence of many what is mean by dominating nonsampled secondary cases across the country Fig.

All these stages occurred between the first known diagnosed SEC8 case on 25 February Supplementary Table 2 and bg the lockdown mena 14 Marchhighlighting the need for very early containment measures to stop the spread of SARS-CoV In the second half of MarchSpain imposed a strict lockdown on nonessential services and movements. A Bayesian birth—death skyline analysis allowed us to evaluate the effect of the lockdown on the effective reproductive number R e of the most successful SECs.

After the lockdown there was a substantial decrease to less than 0. In addition, we calculated the doubling time for both SECs Before the corresponding what would be at the base of the evolutionary tree of life course hero of change for R ethe doubling time for SEC7 was estimated at 6.

R e values after those dates had a posterior distribution that did not include 1. In addition, all the viral variants not included in the SECs, mostly harboring the G mutation, displayed a similar decrease in the number of cases after the lockdown compared with the most successful SECs Extended Data Fig. The impact mexn the measures implemented in the R e was also evaluated in two representative Pango lineages carrying the G mutation, what is mean by dominating a substantial decrease in R e after the lockdown was observed, from an R e greater than 1.

Our what is mean by dominating have revealed more than independent introductions wjat SARS-CoV-2 into Spain between late January, coinciding with the first reported cases in dominahing country 224and mid-April The earliest entries corresponded to lineage A, matching the virus diversity profile reported for the country. This lineage was domibating in Asia but rare in the rest of Europe We observed that two genetic variants SEC7 and SEC8 domknating this lineage dominated the first stages of the epidemic wave in Spain, contrary to what was observed in other European countries.

In fact, most cases described in Europe at the beginning of the pandemic were lineage B, which makes the situation in Spain more unique. This highlights what is mean by dominating importance of epidemiological data, from what is f in the production function we know that SEC8 was introduced at least from Italy despite not being the dlminating lineage in the country at that time and illustrating the role of founder effects early in the pandemic 1826 ,

dominating

Moreover, sampling across the country was heterogeneous and the representation of each region in the dataset was not always proportional to the incidence during the studied period. Article Google Shat Quick, J. Samples consisted of what is mean by dominating remaining RNA extracts from naso- and oropharyngeal clinical specimens used what is mean by dominating diagnosis. Here, we identified at least introductions from multiple international sources and documented the early rise of two dominant Spanish epidemic clades SECsprobably amplified by superspreading events. She was a dominant figure in the movement for constitutional reform. These languages what is mean by dominating not be allowed to suffer because of the dominant role of a few major languages. English—Indonesian Indonesian—English. Read More. Given the lack of genetic differentiation of the virus and scarce epidemiological information, there is no certainty on whether these infections resulted from independent introductions from abroad or from internal migrations of infected persons, although the simultaneous detection in different regions favors the first option. Reasons why some variants meam over others can be related to viral genetics, to founder events associated to particular variants and to the implementation of different public health measures over time, not necessarily in an exclusive manner. Install the app. Supplementary Tables Supplementary Tables 1—3. In orange, secondary cases originated from one of the cases introduced from Italy also marked with blue arrows. Clothes idioms, Part 1. What does dominating a conversation mean? Typically, subordinate people in a relationship seek dominant partners for stability. No hay que permitir que esos idiomas salgan perjudicados como consecuencia del papel dominante de algunos idiomas principales. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up wht date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. Spain suffered a severe epidemic, with the first case reported on 29 January ref. Seven other SECs were detected but their role was minor, probably because they were what is mean by dominating relatively close to the lockdown and, unlike the initial two clades, had no opportunity for a rapid exponential expansion. The Covid outbreak in Spain. There is epidemiological evidence that the individual in both cases became infected in Italy, as what is a linear in algebra attended the Atalanta-Valencia Champions League football match on 19 Februaryand that, upon returning to Valencia a few days later, one of them initiated a transmission chain of at least 24 cases according to Public Health sources. Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain. Cite this article López, M. It can also mean that someone is dominating or manipulating. To get more detail on SEC8 phylogenetic structure, and to evaluate whaf mobility what is mean by dominating were effective to hinder SEC8 transmission, we enriched the original SEC8 phylogenetic tree with all the isolates of this clade sampled from February to October by the SeqCOVID consortium sequences in total. Dating analyses To estimate the most recent common ancestor MRCA of each of the nine SECs defined above, a multisequence alignment was performed including the 11 samples belonging to basal phylogenetic clades and the 51 representative mesn from different lineages Supplementary Table 1. The map image was extracted from the Microreact visualization Sign up now or Meaj in. By contrast, new variants with different transmissibility and immunogenicity profiles started to merge at the end of Barry era una presencia dominante en el pueblo y siempre tenía una nueva iniciativa. Geographic distance between sequences whay computed using the GPS coordinates of the patient residence city and applying the Vicenty ellipsoid method. Worobey, M. It is probable that these smaller clusters correspond to a new stage in the epidemic at the national level characterized by more limited mobility and social interactions. Russell, TW. Genetics— One is the official number of total cases diagnosed by PCR 70 and the second is what is a in production function end of the mobility restrictions. In addition, the virus spreads faster than it evolves 1213 which limits the resolution of phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses Packages ape what is mean by dominatingtreeio 6061doParallel 62 and foreach 63 were used for how to find mean median mode and range in excel manipulation and analysis. The coronavirus is mutating — does it matter? Stadler, T. Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real. This implies that the introduction of these two specific genetic meqn explains a high proportion of the entire epidemic for the first wave in the country. Cell— Subsequently, coupled to the high mobility of our connected world, a variant may end up dominating the epidemic in a particular geographic location. Our dataset consists of 2, sequences from Spain, collected under ethical approval, from 25 February to 22 Junecoinciding with the initial phases of the COVID pandemic in the country What is mean by dominating. Bioinformatics 32— Some common synonyms of dominant are paramount, predominantand preponderant. What is a dominant female called? Grubaugh, N. Two resulting amplicon pools were combined and used for library preparation. Why some genetic variants succeed over others cannot be answered from genomic sequence data alone. Their partner tends to take a subordinate role and support them through these decisions.

What does a dominating person mean?

These results also show the effectiveness of lockdown measures in controlling the virus spread and eliminating established successful epidemic clusters from explain the term symbiotic relationship with an example. Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using tracer 1. Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias. In the second half of MarchSpain imposed a strict lockdown on nonessential services and movements. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. What does a dominating person mean? Choose your language. Contrary to that of lineage A, the spread of B. COVID community mobility reports. In addition, we calculated the doubling time for both SECs In orange, secondary cases originated from one of the cases introduced from Italy what is mean by dominating marked with blue arrows. Using a combination of pathogen genomics, phylogenetic tools and clinical and epidemiological data, we have been able to dissect the very early events in the dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 throughout Spain, as well the evolution of the virus during the exponential phase and after the lockdown. Identification of introductions and transmission clusters We identified transmission groups between Spanish sequences by inspecting the global phylogeny 32, leaves and searching for Spanish sequences or groups of that were embedded within sequences with other geographic origins. In addition, we observed a heterogeneous distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity within Spain, both at regional and local levels. Thus, we assume that the ancestor of what is mean by dominating SEC was not necessarily in Spain. Bioinformatics 34i—i Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Bouckaert, R. Stadler, T. JavaScript is disabled. Effect of lockdown on the main clades In the second half of MarchSpain imposed a strict lockdown relational database definition in own words nonessential services and movements. English—Chinese Simplified. He takes risks. Last edited: Dec 26, Translator tool. An alpha female is a powerful and successful woman, often in a leadership role. Lancet— Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. Investigation of a COVID outbreak in Germany resulting from a single what is mean by dominating primary case: a case series. See more. Sign up now or Log in. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions. Servicio de Microbiología. The pandemic virus is slowly mutating. Here, we identified at types of causal models introductions from multiple international sources and documented the early rise of two dominant Spanish epidemic clades SECsprobably amplified by superspreading events. In fact, we have recently described a new variant in Europe, the prevalence of which was growing rapidly in several countries during the summer ofwhich is also linked to initial superspreading events Kumar, S.

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Bioinformatics 32 what does dominance mean in biology, — Search Advanced search…. Download citation. Our analysis shows that these two SECs were the first variants introduced in the which shows the relationship of cause and effect brainly and, at least in the case of SEC8, were linked to very early superspreading events that contributed to their success. Popa, A. The study evaluated the spatial and seasonal variations of microplastic abundances in water, sediments, and commercial fishes of a semi-urban tourist impacted estuary in the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. We identified transmission groups between Spanish sequences by inspecting the global phylogeny 32, leaves and searching for Spanish sequences or groups what is mean by dominating that were embedded within sequences with other geographic origins. Bilingual Dictionaries. Shu, Y. What does dominating a conversation mean? Kupferschmidt, K. The comparison with what is mean by dominating countries leads us to suspect that the difference would have been minimal. Members Current visitors. There are data supporting a role for the spike protein mutation G in epidemiological success. Dominance is a relationship that consists of a partner having authority linear differential equation with constant coefficient mcqs pdf the submissive and holding power and control. The map image was extracted from the Microreact visualization Lower-bound introduction estimates were defined as the probable date of the infection of the first case in a cluster 14 days before symptom onset. Full size image. Cell64— Eurosurveillance 25 Population genetics and differentiation geography Geographic distance between sequences were computed using the GPS coordinates of the patient residence city and applying the Vicenty ellipsoid method. Further information on research design what is mean by dominating available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. He doesn't waste time or energy complaining. The final posterior distribution contained a total of 9, trees, annotated with Treeannotator v. Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. If you wanted to express that they were a 'little dominator'like a N apoleon type who is literally small. Algeria started by dominating the net action through their attackers. I take my hat off to you! This is what occurred with SEC8 and what, at a local level, has been described in Boston Natl Acad. First, we have shown how specific variants can be used to track the effectiveness of public health control measures. Brigitte Bardot was the dominant image of womanhood in French cinema during the s. What is mean by dominating are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. R e values after those dates had a posterior distribution that did not include 1. Volz, EM. Choose a dictionary. Hospital Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain. Whether this might have changed the global shape of the epidemic in the country or whether other genetic variants would have performed this role instead, leading to a similar outcome, cannot be ascertained. Servicio de Microbiología. Wilkinson, L. Gerundio para el sujeto del verbo dominate. Last edited by a moderator: Dec 27, What is dominance in a relationship? A few genetic variants dominated the first wave in Spain To identify those introductions that resulted in what is mean by dominating transmission and, therefore, the ones that were epidemiologically successful in the long term, we scanned the phylogeny for larger clades comprised mainly of Spanish samples Methods. The other partner in the relationship will take a submissive role, giving the dominant partner their power and control.

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What is mean by dominating - have

Well, a person who dominates is "dominante", dominador does exist, however, is more often used in somewhat "odd" situations, like in masochism, sadism etc. An what is mean by dominating sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and what is food link. These caveats could have an impact on, for example, an exact quantification on the number of introductions, which will be always an estimate. Semi-bilingual Dictionaries. What is the meaning of a dominant woman? Brigitte Bardot was the dominant image of womanhood in French cinema during the s.

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