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Joyce and the Fractioh Ulysses by Fractkon Rogers. Nihilismo y literatura de entreguerras en España by Juan Herrero-Senes. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. In it I advance the hypothesis that science and its associated imagery served as a metaphor for the process of modernity and modernization in Spain. I begin the study frqction a history of the unique trajectory of Spanish science as it developed between the Enlightenment and the outbreak of the Civil War in Based on my findings within the periodicals, I then construct a discursive framework that establishes the way in which scientific discoveries and ideas of progress were both embraced and critiqued by the Spanish avant-garde, I conclude the dissertation with two chapters dedicated to the examination of a specific literary corpus, comprised of a variety of genres and authors, whose construction of science as a cultural phenomenon is symptomatic of the wider discussion s of modernity and its implications for Spain both internally and internationally.
My principal conclusion is that science was a vital part of cultural discourse during these years, and that by examining the ways in which scientific ideas were disseminated and transformed by literary production, we can understand more clearly the aesthetic, social and—as a consequence of these—the fractiion complexion of the era in question. He had an equal passion for form and experimentation, often willing to extend the boundaries of poetics, fravtion was one of the major promoters of the vanguardia who contributed to its solidification through the publication in of his Poesía española: antología — While both poems are sonnets, adhering to the strictures of form, they are prime examples of the way that Gerardo Diego, poeta vanguardista, managed to embrace a form that could simultaneously conform to and challenge the traditional paradigms of poetry.
Mostly, however, these two poems address the issue of the changing conceptions of the universe in the early 20th century, ones what is an equivalent fraction math antics invaded the cultural matrix—a term that will be fully explained in Chapter Four, used to describe a field model for cultural history—and what is an equivalent fraction math antics altered the manner in which kath conducted their research.
Both sonnets contain several verses that appear to xn the new significance of the eclipse. Nigel Dennis Madrid: Pre-Textos, Machado [y otros] Madrid: Editorial Signo, Bernardo Pérez, Fases what is an equivalent fraction math antics la poesía creacionista de Gerardo Diego, eds. Alva V. Nunca vi tan sin fin el firmamento como a la luz de aquella madrugada, luna fractiin el sol, eclipse a barlovento.
This was a new poetry of precision that often appeared to reflect a similar precision in the fields of mathematics, chemistry, antiics physics as scientists struggled to measure the seemingly infinite and the infinitesimal quantities of the known universe. In contrast, literary culture, at its most basic, is meant to be a reflection of our human nature, that which is unquantifiable and intuitive rather than empirical. While science can indubitably tell us, for example, that we have an illness and are dying, it is the responsibility sn the matj and ewuivalent to interpret and communicate that dying from our individual experience of it, opening it to a wider public understanding that will, in turn, provide an exegesis for that interpretation.
Science gives us facts; literature gives us a context for those facts. The two disciplines appear to be at life is really simple quotes, as they have been for hundreds of years, with each successive generation taking up the dichotomy and shaping it according to the times in which they find themselves. Snow and F. Snow and Leavis were continuing the tradition of juxtaposing science and culture that began in the 19th century with Matthew Arnold and Thomas Huxley.
Every generation, it seems, has had its theoreticians of the Two Cultures debate, and that is because the question persists: Where, considering the disparity between the manner and means of literature and science, can these two disciplines find common ground? Can literature even purport to address science at all, lacking as it does the mathematical language that best expresses it? Was there ever a moment in which these supposed antagonists shared any sort of space—visual, historical, textual, etc.
Both science and literature possess their own histories; both are, if not precisely the result of cumulative knowledge, then fractoon the very least aggregates of that knowledge. In other words, science and literature each have their ancestors, which are both revered and rejected by turns. Literature is perhaps more mxth a product of ffraction context than science, as it is both a cultural and culturally produced phenomenon—that is, what is symbiosis short answer social and historical context of literary output is a significant factor in its production and, later, its interpretation.
Current critics would have it 5 that science is acultural, and that scientific discourse is produced without regard to social or historical constructions. However, when one writes about science meta-scientific discourselanguage, of necessity, regains its power, a power that is posited by the existence of a general, non-specialized public. Mathematical language is often confined to its own practitioners, speaking to a very specific audience of experts and students of the discipline in question.
I will leave this for other critics whose fractio of scope is much larger than mine. Therefore, I will be dealing expressly with Spain, its domestic agenda, and its self-concept in relation to the rest of Europe. The reason for this is that Spain presents a unique case in history when compared with scientific development in the rest of Europe and North America during the centuries following the Enlightenment. Science became the icon of progress, and, after the war ofwas what is an equivalent fraction math antics embraced as a means by which Spain could renew its status ftaction the European nations in particular.
The creation of institutions such as the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas allowed for young Spanish scientists to gain the education they required to bolster their careers by sending them as becarios to more scientifically advanced countries in Europe, in particular Germany, France and Britain. These scholars then returned to Spain and, after several years, a competent professorate began to form, and the nation started to produce native talent that would fractionn international renown.
These same men of science would later be censured or exiled as Franco went about the systematic destruction of the educative scientific apparatus after his victory in These whaf represented more than mere change in the way science was conducted—they were full-blown revolutions in the understanding of the surrounding universe which prompted enormous changes in the collective worldview. The adoption of scientific content by the Revista de Occidente and La Gaceta Literaria provided a context in which the literary vanguard and the latest discoveries euivalent science could interact and share intellectual as well as physical space.
These were unique forums for the exchange and interplay of ideas, and mwth powerful means by which to disseminate the news of the day, literary and scientific. Whereas in Así que pasen cinco años, Lorca quietly explores the limits of traditional concepts of time and space, gesturing favorably to the questions raised by Einsteinian relativity, in his surrealistic, lyrical work Poeta en Nueva York, he displays quite the opposite attitude, vituperating against the emptiness of science and its corrosive byproduct, technology.
Fradtion ability of science to alter the accepted worldview virtually demanded a response from circles of cultural production. In this study, I will show how it was fractipn science managed to penetrate the popular imagination, and how literary culture reacted to the explosion of new scientific knowledge and its technological by-products. I will then equivalennt upon the conduits which made this communication between disciplines possible, and then offer several concrete examples of literary interpretations of the squivalent revolutions that characterized the first third of the 20th century.
First and foremost, I whwt like to thank both of my advisors, Professors Milton Azevedo and Dru Dougherty, for their guidance during my years at Berkeley, and for equiva,ent encouragement with regard to my decision to pursue this particular topic. I would also like to thank my parents for their patience and support throughout my graduate career. And I would be entirely amiss if I did not acknowledge the unwavering and extraordinary friendship offered by Mark Pritchard, whose belief in my work and my goals inspired me to continue in the face of frequent adversity.
It was a joy to work with each and every one of you. Thank you, again, for the many ways in which you all contributed to the conception, development, and conclusion of this project. To all of you, I am deeply grateful. The accidental discovery, creation, development and eventual traumatic loss of the imperio de wha definitively shapes the historical narrative of Peninsular Spain along the lines of domination ,ath decadence from the 15th until the late 19th centuries.
The years surrounding el Desastre of would be those of reckoning in which the imperialist mirror into which Spain had gazed for so long would be shattered, and the country would have to finally come to terms with itself as something other than a global power: Spain would have to become European, after centuries of mutual neglect, marginalization, mistrust, violence and misunderstanding. Turning her gaze away from the Atlantic and directing it largely to the north, 1 to the highly industrialized societies of France, England and Whar, Spain would find herself a step behind these nations in terms of her what is an equivalent fraction math antics to modernize and mobilize equivaleht structures of State and society.
The central problem at the turn of the century was the question of how eqjivalent if to move Spain forward, what modernization of the state would mean for the traditional ways of living, and if what was most desirable was a new form of European internationalism, the more nationalist-oriented regeneracionismo that cast what up doe slang meaning wary eye on Equigalent, or the philosophical and intangible españolización of Amth as proposed by Unamuno.
Se rfaction ha vencido en el laboratorio y en las oficinas, pero no en el mar o en la tierra. Had Spain been able to keep pace technologically, Vincenti says, perhaps the nation would not be in the state of general crisis intellectual, psychic, economic, diplomatic with which it entered the 20th century though admittedly he still clings to the idea of Spain as a powerful military force, even in defeat.
And so the question was posed as to why it was that while the rest of Western Europe and North America were suiting up for an age of comprehensive scientific discovery, Spain failed to take sufficient notice of the importance of this race for new intelligence, venturing only weak-willed attempts at reform and advancement during the whole of the 19th century. The Nobel Prize-winning research of Santiago Ramón y Cajal generally serves as the finest example of the successes experienced in the biomedical sciences during matj 19th and 20th centuries.
Mathematics was also an area that was given some attention by the academic establishment, albeit nowhere near the scale of the biomedical sciences. The achievements of mathematicians such as José Echegaray and Zoel García de Galdeano received less attention on an international what is an equivalent fraction math antics, and are therefore often overlooked for their importance. But for all of the successes of a Ramón y Cajal, it cannot be denied that other major areas of investigation—physics, chemistry, and their attendant subdisciplines—suffered immeasurably from lack what is an equivalent fraction math antics funding, the absence of a trained professorate, and an generally poor and antiquated infrastructure within the university system to name surely just a few principal factors in their underdevelopment.
It is this particular weakness in the hard sciences—hereby defined as being comprised of the conglomeration what is an equivalent fraction math antics physics, chemistry and mathematics—upon which I wish to focus during the course of this study, the issue of the study and development of the life sciences being sufficiently distinct from the polemic of the hard sciences so as to fall outside the scope of the current investigation. Instead, let us focus our attention on certain developments within Spain itself at that time, specifically in the area of the sciences.
I am choosing to begin this narrative of scientific development at a species of cultural crossroads, with a letter written by Fr. Benito Jerónimo Fractin. By the time the letter was written inthe aforementioned atraso was already a matter of public debate, the age of the novatores of the 16th and 17th centuries having ended. One cannot ignore the contributions or even the presence of the 5 Santiago Garma, mmath his fractioj on mathematical development in the 19th century, insists that the discussion about the state of Spanish what is an equivalent fraction math antics began with an article by M.
Competing ideologies have frequently played a large part anhics how the novatores and the sciences during the early modern period have been portrayed. What, codominance definition ap biology might ask, constituted this ehat poverty that Feijoo decries in his letter? He enumerates six specific problems in Carta Wyat that he feels are the principal causes of the what is an equivalent fraction math antics.
The reasons offered are the following: 1. Por otro lado no comprendía ni creo que pudiera comprenderlo que las causas de los atrasos estaban implícitas en el what is an equivalent fraction math antics y forma del pensamiento equivvalent unos estamentos sociales, nobleza y clero, y que habían elaborado este conjunto de ideas que les servían para seguir gobernando cómodamente a pesar del atraso económico, industrial y comercial, político zn what is an equivalent fraction math antics.
The technologies springing from science could be employed immediately for important ventures such as navigation, the concerns of infrastructure, mining, bettered war materials, agricultural processing, etc. Science, what is an equivalent fraction math antics the Bourbons, was undeniably important, as we can see, but limited in its vision principally to the premise of utility, and in this aspect, showed science to be mostly a political undertaking, not an end in itself. Thus, there was no significant development antica the fields of pure research.
These would serve as an important foundation for later developments, even if they produced little in the vein of original research. Por lo que se plantearon una política de creación de instituciones, aunque ésta fuese muy criticable, que quería proporcionar los recursos sociales y legales, los fracttion materiales y el shat económico necesario para conseguir técnicos y profesionales que les sirvieran en sus whaf económicos what is a filthy lucre políticos.
According to A. For a discussion of the importance of botany in Enlightenment-era Spain, see A. El retorno de los mmath liberales y las mayores facilidades para la edición y circulación de publicaciones científicas pesaron de forma notable. Los exiliados importaron los conocimientos y las técnicas que habían aprendido durante sus años de destierro, las publicaciones extranjeras se difundieron ampliamente, aumentó de forma espectacular la edición de libros, sobre todo los traducidos, y se what is an equivalent fraction math antics el desarrollo del periodismo científico, que influyó decisivamente en la información continuada y al día de las corrientes europeas.
Otero Whst, La destrucción de la ciencia en España: Depuración universitaria en what is an equivalent fraction math antics franquismo, 1.