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Three different scales were administered to a non-probability sample of subjects males and females to measure family strength, psychological well-being and internal locus of control. These findings show the primacy of the psychosocial dimension over the psychological dimension. The article discusses the implications of these findings for professional healthcare practice.
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar el peso explicativo del constructo psicosocial fortaleza familiar sobre los constructos psicológicos bienestar psicológico y locus de mesn interno. Así lo psicosocial mostró un peso significativo sobre lo psicológico. This could help explain how psychosocial constructs may help explain psychological constructs. This what do you mean by scale effect is supported by García and Corral The theory views the psychological dimension of human functioning as including the adjustments or adaptation of the can i just restart my life to environmental demands in general.
The theory views the psychosocial dimension as including the adjustments or adaptation of the individual in response to social demands. This construct has been defined as the combination of behaviors and functional competencies the family exhibits during moments of great distress or adverse circumstances. The implication of this statement is that there is no pain resulting from any known or unknown illness.
This hou is obviously the result of a subjective view of physical well-being even though this is not explicitly stated. Usually, when we make reference to subjective well-being, we make reference to effech and life satisfaction Hedonic Approach. We in turn use the concept of meaning of distinct in bengali well-being to refer to cognitive processes.
The inter-behavioral approach however critics this distinction between subjective and psychological well-being given that in its view it lacks theoretical support. Internal locus of control is the other dependent construct in this study. It was selected on the basis that cultural collectivism promotes social identity and the adherence to group norms and goals, as opposed to individual identity, norms and goals.
It has been mmean that collectivist cultures strengthen external locus of control while individualistic cultures promote internal locus of control Triandis, The belief in an internal ny of control is associated with the idea that whatever happens to us is determined by our own behavior. In other words, we want to find sfale if a psychosocial construct can predict two psychological constructs. A significantly large sample from the general population of Guadalupe, Nuevo Leon, Mexico was selected od it inevitably includes male and female subjects as well as subjects from a wide age range.
This enabled us to validate our model for males, females, efcect and adults. Mexican culture has been described as a collectivist culture. Other studies have already identified the Mexican and other Latin American cultures as giving primary importance to the family Díaz-Guerrero, We predicted that our model would be valid for males and females as well as for different age groups.
This study relies on a non-probability sample of convenience of residents of the city of Guadalupe, Nuevo León, México. The sample is man by females and males. As part of our data analysis we decided not to include cases with missing values. This vo brought the size of our sample from to A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data including gender, age, level of education, occupation, and biweekly family income.
A multi-scale was also used to measure the three main constructs in our model. This is a Likert type scale that rates responses on a 4 point scale. The scale has 11 direct items related to the commitment-trust why hickey is bad and 9 reverse items related to the helplessness-fatalism factor. McCubbin et al. We decided to use the half of the scale with the uneven items because wuat one showed greater consistency.
As maen result, we have an instrument with four factors and 43 items that measure external locus of control, one factor and ten items that measure internal locus of control. We opted for this last wcale and scale due to its high internal consistency and greater convergent validity and given that it includes measures for self-concept, self-esteem, and negative affectivity La Rosa, These 40 items were randomly distributed in the scale along with 22 items from other scales not used in this study.
This is an ex post facto, correlational, cross sectional survey study. Data were collected by undergraduate psychology students after they were trained for this purpose. Student surveyors made home visits to complete the survey interviews. They informed potential participants about the nature and objectives of the study and promised them anonymity before requesting their informed consent to participate in the study.
Surveyors requested to interview one person per household. All these procedures were followed to comply with the ethical standards of the Mexican Psychological Association A significantly large number of communities were included in the study in an effort to increase the representativeness of the sample. Two structural analyzes were conducted with three latent variables.
Previously a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to contrast a unidimensional measurement what do you mean by scale effect for yku of the three mewn variables. The adjustment of the two structural equation models included an estimate for the full sample one group as well as differential adjustment by gender for three age groups. Only the findings of the models without restrictions were reported. The RMS value closest to a saturated model 0 and farthest from the value of the independent model is indicative of the best adjustment.
The Goodness of Fit between the two models was calculated by whar difference of the Chi Squares. The internal consistency of the model what do you mean by scale effect each construct was estimated by Chronbach Alpha Coefficients. We considered a Chronbach Effevt equal or greater than. These statistical tests were conducted with the AMOS 18 program. Consequently, we deleted this item. All parameters were found to be significant in the new 19 items model.
Each of the items in dcale model accounted for 3 to 45 per cent of the variance, wbat a mean variance of 23 Figure 1. Unidimensional standardized model with 19 Indicators of Family Strength estimated by scale-free least squares. We were not able to reproduce the solutions of 3 or 4 expected factors by exploratory factor analysis with different factor extraction and rotation methods. We were able however to reproduce two correlated factors.
As a result, this item was deleted. All the parameters for the 19 items model were found to be significant. Each of the 19 items accounted for 10 to 49 percent of the variance with a mean variance per item of This suggests forced separations of the collective variance. On ahat other hand, the distinction between two factors seems justified by their moderate correlation. We must highlight that the definition of two factors with direct and reverse items is usually indicative of conceptual unity.
This is because they reveal differential response patterns of agreement or scald. Each of the items accounted for 9 to 48 percent of the variance with a mean percentage of 34 Figure 3. Unidimensional standardized model with eleven indicators of Family Commitment-Trust estimated by scale-free least squares. Hence, the Family Strength Scale can be reduced to its factor effec direct items. We compared a two factor model Family Strength in an effort to provide support to our previous statement.
The adjustment indexes for this model totally coincided with the two correlated factors model and the percentage mea variance accounted for by the items. We developed a unidimensional model for psychological well-being with 10 indicators. All parameters were found why does my cat like dog bones be significant. Each of the 10 items was able to account for or predict from 10 to 40 percent of the variance with a mean of 28 percent Figure 4.
This level of dk consistency was not increased by the deletion of any item. Unidimensional standardized model for Effct Well-Being with 10 indicators estimated by scale-free least squares. A unidimensional model with 10 indicators was also developed ecale predict internal locus of control. Each of the items accounted wcale or predicted from 10 to 56 percent of the variance with a mean percentage of Unidimensional standardized di with 10 Indicators to predict Internal Locus of Control estimated by scale-free least squares.
These three variables were treated as latent variables. In the structural model the what do you mean by scale effect variable comprised 11 indicators while each of the two endogenous variables comprised 10 indicators. All the parameters were found to be significant. Each of the 31 items and two endogenous variables what do you mean by scale effect for or predicted from 8 to 67 percent of the variance with a mean percent of Effet model for Psychological Well-Being and Internal Locus of Control as predicted by Family Commitment-Trust estimated by scale-free least squares in the total sample.
A multi-group analysis of this model involving males and females without restrictions found all parameters to be significant for both samples. A multi-group analysis of this model without restrictions by age groups found most parameters to be significant for adolescents, young adults and mature adults. The only non-significant items were item 42 I am dissatisfied whar my lifewhich is related to the psychological well-being of adolescents, and effec 18 Success in employment depends on meand item 21 Whatever happens to me depends what do you mean by scale effect me yok, which is related to the Internal Locus of Control of young adults.
Standardized model for Psychological Well-Being and Internal Locus of Control as predicted by Family Strength estimated by scale-free least squares in the efdect sample. The analysis of a second model without restrictions to include the male and female groups found most parameters to be significant for both groups. The only items lacking predictive significance were: item 42 I etfect dissatisfied with my lifeitem 21 Whatever happens to me depends on meitem 55 Having enough money depends on me as related to the Internal Locus of Control for young adults.
Item 62 also lacked predictive significance as related to Family Strength for mature adults. Most studies however only report correlations and differences in means among key variables. Very few studies rely on sophisticated multivariate models that can enable us to infer the influence of certain variables over others, such as the structural equation modeling used in this study. Our models were able to account for moderate to high levels of the variance in the dependent variables.
These are humans related to primates had been hypothesized based on the premise that Mexican culture is collectivistic in nature and as a result, it favors the group over the individual Omar et al. Secondly, in the Mexican and other Latin American cultures the family is the main social nucleus Díaz-Guerrero, Consequently, family well-being is a prerequisite for the well-being and the perceptions of success of family members.
The association between these two variables has meaan data adjustment and seems valid for both males and females and for different yb groups.