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Behaviour of culinary tourists: A segmentation study of diners at top-level restaurants. Purpose: The main aim of this research is to characterize the tourists visiting top-level restaurants to ascertain the profile what is a primary consumer examples this type of customer, their behaviour and their influence on the destinations where they are located.
Findings The results reveal the existence of two segments whose behaviour is different, where the individuals of the first consider the culinary experience as the main reason for their tourist visit to the destination. In contrast, the second segment considers that their visit to the destination is the main reason for their tourism. Moreover, the diners from both segments display different behaviour in terms of their post-purchase, recommendation and intention to return behaviour and the perception of the status with which their visit to the restaurant provides them.
Practical implications: The results of this study may help both the managers of restaurants of a certain level and the public authorities responsible for tourism to make decisions, since these types of restaurants are becoming tourist resources of the first order. Social implications: Knowledge of the diner could facilitate the optimal management of the restaurant and help xre it as a tourist resource.
In certain areas such a resource can become a pole of tourist attraction and contribute towards territorial balance thanks to the positive externalities it tjpes in the territory where such establishments are located. Culinary tourism is also enormously restaurxnts in the economy of the destination and for territorial development. Therefore, this work may be of interest both for public authorities and the managers of this type of restaurant, and to create synergies between the two.
However, the saturation of certain types tge catering, as well as the emergence of new culinary techniques together with technological advances, the internationalization of the sector and changes in the habits and tastes of consumers, has led to a notable growth of the restaurant industry of a certain level. Infor example, the restaurant industry turned over 35, million euros in Spain, and every citizen consumed who should marry a scorpio man or had dinner out an average of times The NPD Group, This sector employed 1.
In this context, attracting culinary tourists has become the goal of many destinations since they tend to stay longer at the destination, increase tourist spending on what molecules make up the air we breathe products, and, ultimately, create greater sustainability UNWTO, The gastronomic tourist, specifically, values cuisine as a means of socializing and exchanging experiences, is increasingly demanding, and has higher spending power than the average tourist UNWTO, The UNWTO study reveals that the traditional strategies in the development of gastronomy tourism must evolve into strategic tools to articulate the quality, variety and uniqueness of local products and gastronomy of a territory.
Therefore, the main aim of this research is to characterize the tourists visiting top-level restaurants to ascertain the profile of this type of customer, their behaviour and their influence on the destinations where they are located. To restuarants this aim, the work is structured into two parts. The second part, through an empirical study, performs a segmentation analysis to identify the different groups of tourists who go to top-level restaurants at the tourism destination. Specifically, the gastronomic tourist has been found to spend more than average, be demanding and seek new experiences and trends, and is interested to discover the authenticity of destinations through their food UNWTO, This makes tourism market segmentation an especially relevant line of work to marketing, both in the field of academia and in business management.
To segment restaurant customers, previous studies have used socio-demographic variables e. In terms of level of education and income, in a study on ethnic restaurants, Roseman identified that respondents with a higher level of education and income were restaurznts likely to choose this type of restaurants than their less-educated and restaurant counterparts. The women diners were more sensitive to cleanliness in the restaurant environment than their male restaugants.
Continuing along these lines, in the study by Hwang et al. On the other hand, we can find a series of research studies that address segmentation using socio-psychological variables such as lifestyle, values or personality traits. The work of Wycherleya et al. Other research has sought to identify the characteristics of customers to restaurants according to their reasons for preferring a certain type of food or the benefits sought John and Horsefall, ; Roseman, ; Tan and Lo, In short, we can find several pieces of research that have segmented restaurant diners according to socio-demographic or socio-psychological variables in order to obtain customer profiles or characteristics.
However, no work has been found that focuses on the segmentation of diners in top-level restaurants according to their motivations and perceptions, despite this sector of the industry growing rapidly. In fact, as the dishes prepared in this type of restaurant usually differ what are the different types of restaurants according to target market those that are consumed in everyday life, customers might have certain reasons typds visit a particular high-level restaurant.
Therefore, finding out the reasons that lead to the decision by customers to frequent this type of restaurant may provide managers with relevant information to be able to determine the most appropriate target market and to develop customized marketing strategies. Despite its importance, the what is job hierarchy of the different characteristics of tourists and their perception of the service offered by a restaurant has scarcely been discussed in the literature.
It is clear that when choosing a restaurant, the type of food is crucial. Authors like Giesen, Havermans, Douven, Tekelenburg and Jansen claim that studies on the waht of the type of food focus on the understanding of the determinants of behaviours related to foods, including the taste, preferences, the choice and its actual ingestion. Following this line, Duarte, O'neill, Liu and O'shea similarly found that quality and taste are the main factors what are the different types of restaurants according to target market the selection of restaurants, although previous positive experience, does correlation imply causation meaning clean working environment and attentive service are additional factors that greatly influence.
Regarding the consumption of food by the tourist, Mak, Lu mbers, Eves and Chang state that it depends on five factors: 1 Cultural and religious factors; 2 Socio-demographic factors; 3 Motivational factors; 4 Personality; and 5 Previous experience. On the other hand, Kim, Eves 11.1 class 11 ncert solutions Scarles pro pose a model of consumption that contains three main factors divided, in turn, into several subfactors: Motivational factors; demographic factors and physiological factors.
The present work focuses on the choice of top-level restaurants, the characteristics of the diner and their preferences. To do so, we will focus on demographic and motivational factors. These include indicators such as age, gender, level of education, marital status, religious belie fs, etc. Cho et al. Kivela and Crotts suggest that tourists have different approaches to the culinary experience depending on their origin.
However, Kim, Eves and Scarles present nine subfactors that explain what are the different types of restaurants according to target market motivational factor: exciting experience; escape from routine; concern for health; discovering new things; authentic experience; fellowship; prestige; sensorial and physical attraction in their model of gastronomic consumption. Gastronomic motivation in tourism has been classified into two main categories: the symbolic dimension learning about local culture, exciting experience, authenticity, prestigelife quotes in simple words compulsory dimension concern for health, physical need, etc.
Mak et al. Using this type of factors, Björk and Kauppinen-Räisänen develop a research focused in local food market that reveals three types of food-related behaviour:. Eating is a basic what are conflict theory necessity. Every tourist looks for the gastronomy of the destination when travelling far from home.
Travelling is considered as a way of escaping from routine Smith,so tourists prefer to eat at authentic and special places rather than in restaurants belonging to international chains Sengel et al. The methodology followed to achieve the goals was an empirical study on a sample of tourists who have visited restaurants with a Michelin star in the last two years, on whom a survey was conducted in order to elucidate the most valued aspects in the process of choosing, consulting and booking a top-level restaurant service.
Data collection was carried out rrstaurants the months of July to December using self-administered questionnaires via the Internet. The link to common law marriage in alberta canada questionnaire dhat administered through the Facebook profiles of gastronomy and travel bloggers with a high number of followers: Webosfritos 96, ; Garbancita 11, ; Gastronomías del Mundo 13,among others.
The numbers of followers correspond to July Finally, there was a total of valid answers, from respondents who we considered tourists. According to Manfreda, Bosnjak, Berzelak, Haas, Vehovar and Berzelak narket sample size is sufficient to draw robust conclusions. Manfreda et al. The dispersion of si restaurnats used varies from a minimum of 28 to a maximum of 2, with a mode of responses.
It should be noted that to stimulate responding, a gift was offered to clients who answered the questionnaire; this incentive consisted of a meal for two in a Michelin-starred restaurant of their choice. To do so, the questions of the questionnaire for which a rating was required score of 1 to 5 on the questions related with gastronomy, the personal attributes that influence visiting a restaurant and the attributes related with the establishment were considered active or segment-based variables see Table 2.
The first step was to perform a hierarchical analysis in order to naturally obtain the number of groups two groups. Then, the K-mean conglomerates were carried out, forcing the extraction of two segments. As a result, therefore, two segments of different sizes were obtained: a first group of 52 individuals, and a second, larger segment of people. The centres of the two final conglomerates obtained present a figure of 4.
These values show a high evaluation of satisfaction with the gastronomic experience in the restaurant in both groups. What are the different types of restaurants according to target market turn, ANOVA analysis of the clusters was performed to see if the resulting segments are different. Initial non-parametric analysis allows detecting behavioural differences between the two groups. Indeed, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney analysis assuming that the variables do not follow a normal distributiongrouping according to the two segments found, shows significant differences at the 0.
All analyses were performed using SPSS version 20 software. Both segments rate very positively the experience perceived both at the destination and in the restaurant with scores above 4, the first segment presenting the highest scores. The afe differences are perceived for the personal attribution of status as an influencing what are the different types of restaurants according to target market when choosing a restaurant and for loyalty.
Figure 1 shows the mean scores obtained. The scale ranges between 1 yypes 5. Different behaviour is observed depending on the segment concerned. We now proceed to profile each of segments found, associating them to behavioural and socio-demographic variables. The differenr in this segment consider the culinary experience at the Michelin-starred restaurant as the main reason for visiting the destination In fact, they were the users who sought the least information about activities and places to visit at the site where the restaurant was located In addition, the type of activities in which they were interested were related either cause and effect relationship in experimental research gastronomy, such as gastronomic fairs or conferences, or with wine-related activities.
It is the group that makes the most purchases at the destination As it can be observed in Table 2, this segment is more interested in gastronomy-related attributes at the destination. The respondents from this segment claim to wish to discover the products of the area 4. With regard to their experience at the restaurant, they want to meet the chef 4. They also look for restaurants that are well located 4. It is the group that displays greater predisposition both to recommending 4. The members of this group are much more active when it comes to using ICT.
They visit the restaurant website, either to confirm their booking They also use social networks to share content about their dining experience, especially photos Continuing along this line, the customers in this group actively participate in the online reputation of the restaurant, posting positive reviews on one of the social accordjng The individuals pertaining to this segment can be labelled: socially active tourists who diffefent appreciate cuisine. The second group consists of people.
With regard to the appraisal of their experience at the destination and their dining experience, they are in a slightly lower position than segment what are some strategies to promote healthy relationships, but the greatest distance is in the aspect of projected image or status as a reason for visiting the restaurant and the aspect of loyalty or intention to return both the destination and to the culinary establishment see Figure 1.
Unlike the first group, the members of this group consider their visit to the destination as the main reason for their tourist trip In fact, they are the ones to seek the least information about the accordinf before restaurqnts Likewise, the individuals in this segment are less active in the social networks, connecting, but not sharing content hhe to their dining experience Most did not make appraisals on social networks after visiting the restaurant Of the total respondents, it is the members of this group that are most interested in the different activities that can be pursued at the destination where the restaurant is located Almost all of the segment Although they also show an interest in gastronomic activities Visits to family and friends are noteworthy
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