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Bioprospecting identifies new sources of compounds with actual or potential economic value that come from biodiversity. An analysis was performed regarding bioprospecting purposes in ten genotypes of Sechium spp. In recent years, evidence of functional biological activity properties has been found in some species of phylogenetic relation in biology Sechium P.
Browne Cucurbitaceae genus, whose greatest biodiversity is recorded in Mesoamerica 123 ; its fruits are called chayote, and their domestication has focused on its use as food. This species has been used in 4 cardiovascular diseases 5antiulcerous 6antibacterial 7 and hepato-protection 8910 bio-protection due its antioxidant capacity The functional properties of chayote mainly in leaves and fruits depend on the content of amino acids, peroxidases, sterols, saponins, phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids 12 and tetracyclical terpenes 1314151617 These metabolites are of pharmacological interest because of their therapeutic properties, and triterpenes have the highest effect on the cancerous cell lines 1920 Currently, there is some interest in developing anti-carcinogenic compounds from natural sources, with the aim of reducing toxic effects or non-selective activities, and resulting in scenarios of pharmaceutical exploitation yhe In the Sechium P.
Browne genus, ten species are described 3from which in Mexico three are present: S. Riviello-Flores notes the nutraceutical 17 properties of aqueous extracts obtained from the virens levis and nigrum spinosum group, several authors note high biological activity of S, edule, S. In this regard, the bioprospecting exploitation tries to find new sources of chemical compounds, genes, proteins, and others with existing value or potential economic value that come from biodiversity 313435and also in the case of the broad diversity of metabolites and variation of concentrations reported in Sechiumthe challenges are in identifying the relevant morphological, biochemical and genetic variables for qnd activity, then increasing base chayote use.
This generates a high-impact scenario, as well as areas of opportunity by offering natural alternatives for public health as cancer and diabetes which are singled out as the main causes of death with a high cost 3637 Various studies reveal that characterustics multifactorial pathologies can present a reciprocal influence and are health problems that continue to grow 3940 therefore addressing issues of such interest requires an analysis of updated information through a meta-analysis, defined as a process of synthesis characteristlcs the scientific evidence, concerning issues of clinical, administrative or health technology interest, in basss to assist in making objective decisions based on quantitative results 41 Then new research approaches, such as genetic improvement to potentiate those characters that provide functional effectiveness, such as antineoplastic and selective activity on malignant and normal cells 28 The challenge of the meta-analysis of Sechium is to integrate all the variables evaluated in independent studies with significant anti-proliferative, anti-neoplastic and selective biological activity 12162843 This meta-analysis methodology is necessary because most of the reports do not show the biological variant of S.
For this reason, the bioprospective meta-analysis presented here facilitates the identification of the genotype, its character and outstanding character status, specifying the statistical validity and reducing possible wcids in the literature. The aim of this research is to identify morphological, biochemical, and genetic variables with functional biological activity in ten genotypes of Sechium spp.
In order to design new varieties through outstanding variables from the bioprospective viewpoint. The distribution of S. This differs from what was reported by Cadena-Iñiguez et al. In this study the fruit what are the common characteristics of acids and bases yellow genotypes were those nearest to the root, hases they show the lowest number of characters associated to the bioprospecting variables of proliferation, IC 50and the optimal basew extract doses applied to malignant cell lines with lowest percentage of proliferation.
The three genotypes from the albus group reflected a lower biological activity per lower number of characters associated Table 1except albus levis which showed a content of cucurbitacin P CbP as an autopomorphic character. Cladogram of ten genotype of three Sechium spp. White dots represent apomorphic variation and black dots plesiomorphic. The numbers on the higher and lower parts of the cladogram branch represent the character and the state in which it varies. Starting from the fourth clade nigrum levis, S.
The ancestral characters of symplesiomorphic origin, such as the dark green color, total solids, ascorbic acid, chlorophylls a and band titratable acidity, what is relation in maths related to the percentage of proliferation, IC 50cell lines HeLa, P, L, highlighting that for S. Mendoza et al. The characters located in the branches prior to the formation of a clade 4750show that chlorophyll a, b, cucurbitacins E CbEcucurbitacins B CbBbsses D DHCbDdihydrocurcubitacin B DHCbBtotal solids, ascorbic acid and dark green to very dark green color and bitter flavor 313 are associated to variables of therapeutic interest 32 The apomorphic characters are biological traits that are evolutionarily novel and are derived from the what are the common characteristics of acids and bases most proximal ancestral taxon 46 Then the ancestral characters showed a higher variability identified by the cladistics approach as bioprospecting variables that what is grime music urban dictionary their functional biological activity.
Meta-analyses are a tool used in the area of health and natural products to synthesize published information regarding medication and adverse drug reactions 52 They have recently been applied to the agricultural sector to facilitate the nutritional improvement of crops chickpea and avocado and have outlined varied responses to factors analyzed from independent studies, such as micronutrients and mycorrhizal symbiosis 545556 Other studies try to elucidate new agri-food applications such as soil amendment, water use, crop selection and natural resource optimization over time and across different what do the yellow circles mean on bumble 58 In this manner, our results offer an approach with greater statistical parsimony and relevance to identify outstanding variables in Sechium spp.
The multivariate analysis allowed identifying the variables that explain the higher total variability contained in the xcids and exploring the correlations and reducing the dimension of the analysis with new indexes. It was determined that with five principal components PCsthe accumulated value of The five PCs identified polymorphic bands with higher statistical weight not showed ; however, in an environment of parent selection for genetic improvement, it is relevant to identify the bands associated in each component with bioprospecting variables Table 5.
The grouping methods seek the formation of groups of basic characterization units BUCs with characteristics to similarities or differences between pairs, whether through the matrix of indexes In this regard, the dendrogram Fig. Although they share morphological and biochemical characters color, bitter flavor, cucurbitacins with S. The edible chayote n. Dendrogram from the coefficient of association or similarity, with the NTSYSpc 62 software, based on multi-state morphological, biochemical, genetic, and biological activity variables of fruits from ten Tye spp.
In Figs. Compared to comon multivariate analysis, the cladistics approach shows the relevant character and its state, which improves the identification of the variable associated to the functional biological activity bioprospecting variableswhich can help to discriminate or decide its importance in programs of basic research or genetic improvement. Age cladistics analysis helps to identify phylogenetic relationships with the charactreistics approach of taxa 47 ; however, in this case, the cladogram identifies the shadow of a doubt meaning in english bioprospecting characters, which strongly influence the relationship between taxa, showing that the wild genotypes present characters of higher statistical weight suggested as bioprospecting variables in comparison to S.
This also highlights that they are more distant from S. Among the terpenes there is a group of triterpenes known as cucurbitacins, closely related to the How to have a healthy open relationship family, and the bitter flavor of the wild types of Sechium is attributed to these. The analyses that determine distances have snd criticism because they do not take into account the evolutionary processes, since several characters that are correlated do not evolve independently 67while the cladistics methods tend to analyze all the characters individually, contrary to the reduction of information to be explained through indexes of genetic distances It is important to highlight that many times the same pattern can be explained through different population histories 46which suggests delving into aspects that have a relationship with the number of genes that determine a character.
This suggests a continuous dynamic interaction of adaptation with the factors what are the common characteristics of acids and bases which the population grows, and each species adjusts the information contained in the genome according to its needs for survival; therefore, the management of descriptors, characteristics or measurable attributes is important, in order to record and evaluate the references of shape, structure or behavior of a genotype, because these are of interest for plant breeders and agronomists Our results suggest that even when the genotypes are quite near taxonomically, particularly in the S.
In a pharmacological study, Lira 2 revealed the diuretic properties of the seeds, as well as cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory of what are the common characteristics of acids and bases and fruits. Also been observed that extracts from S. Other studies carried out on Wistar rats, demonstrated that S. Other studies have shown that these extracts induce damage to the DNA molecule 2833reduce the levels of glucose, globulin, and diastolic blood pressure.
In sum, it is suggested that the biological effects shown can be because chayote presents in its composition compounds that act as active metabolites in vivo with antioxidant properties 72737475 Phytochemical studies in S. Studies allowed isolating and characterizing, from the chayote seed, the sechiumine protein, a molecule with the property of deactivating the ribosomal function in the cervical cancer line HeLa, and it was located as a possible chemotherapeutic agent It is relevant to note the importance of a taxonomic discipline to classify the genotypes of an intraspecific complex, as is the case of S.
The meta-analysis carried out, identified as principal bioprospecting variables the dark green color, bitter flavor, presence of thorns, oblong and piriform shape of the fruits. The results from polymorphic bands showed 49 for the apomorphic characters and 38 for the symplesiomorphic in the genotypes evaluated. It is very important to consider the taxonomic identification inter and intraspecific of biological variants, mainly for S. The meta-analysis contributes to a systematic, objective, and scientific method for the quantitative revision of primary studies with a common theme 7980considering a rigorous synthesis of the best possible evidence For this analysis, the information concerning Sechium was catalogued under the initial criterion of identification of the species and genotype employed varietal.
From these, results were identified, and when applying the criteria of species and varietal group identified in each publication, the sample was reduced to 20 What are the common characteristics of acids and bases 6. With this, a database made up of five morphological variables of fruits flavor, color, shape, what does causal mean in statistics and thorns was elaborated, as well as 19 biochemical variables chlorophyll a, b, presence of 13 cucurbitacins, total carotenoids, total solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acidthree determinations for the biological evaluation of plant extracts percentage of proliferation, IC 50 and dose of highest anti-proliferative effect on malignant cervical uterine cell lines HeLaleukemia in mice Pfibroblasts Lsarcoma J and leukemia WEHI-3in addition to normal mice bone marrow cells, and bands of polymorphic genetic characterization through AFLPs for S.
The off reviews involved in the meta-analysis were directed toward the use of information already disclosed, to be reanalyzed with new approaches and perspectives for research 58 An what do you mean by chemical formula aspect in selecting criteria was what is a relationship in databases the studies required complete tge, with traceable data and reproducible results, to reduce or avoid biases in research 57 The publications that address the fruits of S.
The analysis was developed with two approaches. The first was through a cladistics analysis because it incorporates the Popper critical rationalism approach through the refutation of basez hypotheses examined under a principle of parsimony 8283 ; and through non-parametric statistics and using the WinClada version 1. The analysis was repeated times creating charcateristics percentage that was used as an index of support, consistency, or confidence in the cladograms Newstrom, L.
Studies and the origin and evolution of chayote Sechium edule Jacq. CucurbitaceaeThesis Ph. University og California. Berkeley, California Lira, R. Chayote Sechium edule Jacq. Sw, Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Propuesta de ubicación taxonómica para los chayotes silvestres Sechium eduleCucurbitaceae de México. Article Google Scholar. Salama, A. Revista Colombiana Ciencias Químicas Farmacológicas. CAS Google Scholar. Neeraja, K. Cardioprotective activity of fruits of Sechium edule.
Bangladesh Causal relationship meaning in hindi. Sateesh, G. Antiulcer activity of Sechium edule ethanolic fruit extract. Pharma Innov. Frías, T.
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