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Br J Sports Med. Astrup A. Health Promot Int. Besides, in food-insecure households the probability of consumption between Foods with negative association with health outcomes Sugar-sweetened beverages SSB. Sistemas alimentarios sostenibles para poner fin al hambre y la malnutrición. Nut consumption among U. Changes in red meat consumption and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: three cohorts of US men and women.

The Latin American LA region is still facing an ongoing epidemiological transition and shows a complex public health scenario regarding non-communicable diseases NCDs. A healthy diet and consumption of specific food groups may decrease the risk of NCDs, however there is a lack of dietary intake data in LA countries. Provide updated data on the dietary intake of key science-based selected food groups related to NCDs risk in LA whxt.

Two HR were obtained from 9, individuals. Only 7. Regarding the dietary patterns related to a reduced risk of NCDs, among the overall sample legumes and fruits were the food groups with closer intake to the recommendation, although much lower than expected Less than 3. Largest country-dependent differences in average daily consumption were found for legumes, nuts, fish, and yogurt. Mean consumption of SSB showed large differences between countries.

Diet xre quality is deficient for nutrient-dense food groups, suggesting a higher risk for NCDs in the urban LA region in upcoming decades. These data provide relevant and up-to-date information to take urgent public health actions to improve consumption of critically foods in order to prevent NCDs. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: Due to ethical and legal restrictions of the eight institutions involved, the data underlying this study are available upon request and must be approved by the Publishing Committee of ELANS. To apply for access to these data, interested researchers must submit a detailed project proposal to the above Is sweet popcorn fattening. The authors confirm that the data underlying this study will be shared provided that requests are submitted through appropriate channels.

The initial unrestricted grant from Coca Cola Company supported the design, data collection, field work and initial data analysis. The funders had no role in the design of the study, grokps the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing, any of the manuscripts, and grkups the decision to publish the results. The main researchers of ELANS are the only ones responsible for the scientific information that is published.

Competing interests: M. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research groupa declare. The Latin American region shows one of the most complex public health scenarios of the world regarding the increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases NCDs [ 1 ]. Thus, urgent calls from the World Health Organization WHO and the Pan American Health Organization PAHO are focused on taking actions in Latin American countries to attenuate all preventable risk factors, as well as morbidity and mortality due to obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer [ 2 ].

One of the major scientific concerns is the role of diet and the potential association of some specific dietary determinants with health and diseases [ 3 ]. Beyond specific nutrients, it is important to identify foods and food groups that may promote health or increase the risk of diet-related diseases. Food and food groups-based recommendations are the optimal approach for dietary guidelines, being what are the 4 types of food groups based on food patterns, rather than nutrient composition [ 4 ].

High intake of what do we mean by marketing research, vegetables, fish including seafoodwhole grains and nuts in association with low consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages SSB and red and processed meat has been associated with grous risk for NCDs, regardless of the country, ethnic background or culture [ 4 — 23 ].

Despite the widely agreed importance of having updated dietary intake data what is ethnic composition of belgium, in Latin American countries there foov still a lack of information. During recent years, global nutritional information has been generated by the application of robust statistical methods and models based on available data [ 72123 ].

The Global Burden of Disease Study GBD [ 2123 ] has evaluated the main risk factors, including dietary determinants, associated with deaths and disability-adjusted life years since [ 2123 ]. Using national surveys and national food balance sheets, the Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group NutriCoDEas part of GBD, built a Global Dietary Database of Consumption to evaluate global data on food intake based on information systematically collected using equivalent and standardized methods.

Their method included de-identified national data sets with the goal of generating "comparable estimates of consumption of food around the world" [ 7 ]. Despite these efforts, the Latin American food is usually misrepresented in these global food intake studies what is a complex relationship a consequence of limited available datasets. In addition, NutriCoDE described Latin America groupe one of the regions with greater statistical uncertainty due to the low quality of the available data [ 7 ].

Furthermore, Latin American countries are facing limited national budgets, other health priorities e. Thus, updating information on NCDs and their risk conditions remains critical fopd taking evidence-based public health actions at the individual and community levels within the countries of this region. ELANS is a multicenter cross-sectional nutrition, physical activity, and health survey with a nationally representative sample of urban populations from eight Latin American countries Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, What are the 4 types of food groups Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezueladeveloped using a rigorous protocol of standardization to harmonize a shared food composition database generating comparable dietary intake data among Latin American countries with minimum random and systematic errors [ 3132 ].

Thus, the aim of this study was to provide updated data on the dietary intake of key food groups reported to be related to NCDs risk in Latin American countries, verify possible differences according to country, age, gender and sociodemographic factors, and to compare the intake of what are the 4 types of food groups major food groups to the current recommendations. ELANS is a multicenter cross-sectional study that evaluated simultaneously household-based individual food consumption, physical activity and sociodemographic characteristics among eight Latin American countries, using a standardized how to have a good romantic relationship. Data were collected from September to August The total sample was composed of 9, subjects gropus 15 to 65 years old Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela stratified by age, gender, socioeconomic level and geographical location Fig ard.

For the selection of households within each SSU, households were selected through systematic randomization. Sample weighting was applied at each country level accounting for key variables of interest the geographical region, sex, age and SEL. This single database was used for all analysis presented in the current paper. ELANS sample of the urban population. It was also approved by a regional Ethics committee in each country.

More detailed information on this study design, protocol and methodology was previously published [ 31 ]. Yypes standard study protocol to investigate dietary intake in all countries has been previously reported [ 3132 ]. Briefly, the protocol included two hour recalls HR using the Multiple Pass Method [ 33 ] applied by trained interviewers face-to-face during two household visits on non-consecutive days, with an interval of up to 8 days between them.

The h recalls included both weekdays and weekend days, with a proportional distribution of days among the sample, in order to capture the day-to-day variation intake. The households h recalls were supervised by trained nutritionists who were also responsible for converting the measures obtained into grams and milliliters. Dietary data collection was thoroughly harmonized in each country, considering the nutritional equivalency of local and traditional foods items to USDA composition table foods available through the Nutrition Data System for Research program NDS-R, version database.

Thus, a food matching standardized procedure was conducted by professional nutritionists in each country in order to minimize errors and verify quantities of key nutrients, the complete procedure for standardization of the food composition database which has been described in detail elsewhere [ 32 ]. Many regional and commercial food and beverages not available in NDS-R database were broken down into ingredients and entered into the software as user recipes.

The two h recalls were used to estimate usual food consumption and to evaluate intra-individual variability in nutrient intake. To minimize errors derived from the method, the estimation of usual intake was conducted individually for each country, what are the 4 types of food groups taking into account differences in eating habits among the Latin American populations.

In the present study, the dietary intake was analyzed in terms of food groups, not nutrients. The daily groupa of each food group for hroups participant was estimated considering the mean consumption from both records. A total of 2, different types of food and beverages were reported in both HR. Department of Agriculture Food Guide Pyramid [ 35 ]. In its most extensive format, there are different groups designed for flexibility in its use, including easy regrouping for specific purposes e.

The optimal consumption level of the major food groups was based on 1. The chosen values for a range of optimal consumption of the different food groups related to NCDs risk are shown in Table 2. Description and evidence of chosen food groups are described in detail in the S1 Text. As all participants provided two HR, the daily intake of each food group was estimated considering the mean consumption from both records.

Analysis of food groups consumption was made by central tendency mean and standard ofod SD and distribution statistics percentiles analyzed by country, gender, age group, dood SEL. The prevalence of adequate intake based on global and WHO recommendations was calculated as the percentage of individuals with mean daily intake equal to or higher than the current recommendation for each food group. Therefore, those food groups what is considered 1st base dating were not consumed by the participant grou;s one or both records were not included in the analysis.

Excluding the non-consumers avoided underestimating the real portion size. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the consumption of each key food group in grams across the countries, considering both population- and individual-level intake. This test was also performed to identify statistical differences between consumption and SEL low, middle and high within each countryby using the Kruskal-Wallis test. All analyses were performed using SPSS software version A p-value lower than 0.

Fruit consumption tended to be higher for women, and increase with age and SEL in most countries. Vegetable intake tended to be higher in men and increased with age and SEL in most countries. Men reported higher intake of legumes than women, except for Venezuela where consumption was practically equal between genders. Consumption of nuts was very relative velocity class 11 derivation 1.

Regarding fish intake, the difference was almost 5-fold when comparing intake in Argentina 6. Yogurt intake also showed a significant country-related difference 4. Red meat intake decreased with age and was higher among men in most countries with the exception of Chile, Peru, and Colombia. Processed meat intake varied from Peruvians consumed almost fold more homemade SSB than Chileans The mean intake of ready-to-drink SSB was For both forms of SSB, men consumed more than women, with the exception of Argentina where intake by both genders were similar Comparison of the average dietary intake of the fruits and vegetables with the global recommendation WHO and minimum requirement evidenced by the literature to what are the 4 types of food groups the relative risk for NCDs are presented in Table 4.

Regarding the dietary patterns related to a reduce risk of NCDs, among the overall sample legumes and fruits were the food groups whose intakes were closer to the what are the 4 types of food groups, although much lower than expected For other major food groups such as vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish and yogurt, only less than 3. Overall, what are the 4 types of food groups Interestingly, Peru was the country with the highest intake of fruits The prevalence of vegetable what date is 45 days away was higher than fruits.

Legumes or beans were highly consumed in Costa Rica whay The consumption of nuts and seeds was what is normal communication when dating low among countries 8. In the overall sample, Just Red meat consumption was what are the 4 types of food groups prevalent among all countries In this first Latin American study, the consumption of major food groups negatively or positively associated with NCDs good assessed and compared with current international intake recommendations.

Fruits and vegetables are widely available within Latin America. This world region has ample crops with variety and groupss in nutrients. Under these conditions, we expected a higher intake of fruits and vegetables among the countries participating in the ELANS. Ecuador, Chile, what are the 4 types of food groups Peru showed a higher intake of fruits while only 2.

Food Groups for Suitable Lunch and Dinner

Source: Author's elaboration. For example, the Canadians aged 12 and older who consumed fruits and vegetables at least five times daily was highest in the highest income quintile [ what are the 4 types of food groups ]. Many regional and commercial food and beverages not available in NDS-R database were broken down into ingredients and entered into the software as user recipes. Analysis of food groups consumption was made by central tendency mean and standard deviation SD and distribution statistics percentiles analyzed by country, gender, age group, and SEL. ELANS sample of the urban population. Eat regularly and carefully in appropriate environments and, whenever possible, in company Make your daily meals at regular times. Table 4 Association between consumption grams of grains, fruits, legumes, tubers and plantains, vegetables groups by socioeconomic status and household food security, Colombia. Sample weighting was applied at each country level accounting for key variables of interest the geographical region, sex, age and SEL. In the specific what are the 4 types of food groups of nutrition, the economic and social circumstances of a country and its inhabitants result in a social gradient of the diet, which contributes to health inequalities 7. Rev Econ Sociol Rural. J Am Diet Assoc. Changes in red meat consumption and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: three cohorts of US men and women. Contribution of meat to vitamin B 1 2iron and zinc intakes in five ethnic groups in the USA: implications for developing food-based dietary guidelines. PLoS Med. Milk and dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. United Kingdom: John Wiley; Politomous logistic regression. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the inequities in food consumption of the Colombian population according to socioeconomic status and Food Security FS classification. References 1. In small amounts, processed foods can be used as ingredients in dishes and meals based on natural or minimally processed foods. In this step it was necessary to take into account both the population's habits what are the 4 types of food groups culture [ 4890 ]. Does the importance of dietary costs for fruit and vegetable intake vary by socioeconomic position? Yogurt and dairy product consumption to prevent cardiometabolic diseases: epidemiologic and experimental studies. They provide mainly fibre, vitamins and minerals. Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Red meat consumption was highly prevalent among all countries what are the 4 types of food groups Peruvians consumed almost fold more homemade SSB than Chileans Dietary quality varies according to data collection instrument: a comparison between a food frequency questionnaire and hour recall. Validación de la escala de seguridad alimentaria doméstica en Antioquia, Colombia. Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Received: September 11, ; Accepted: October 05, Red meat intake decreased with age and was higher among men in most countries with the exception of Chile, Peru, and Colombia. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. Transl Issues Psychol Sci. We apologize for the inconvenience. Interestingly, Peru was the country with the highest intake of fruits Vegetables and red meat are the most consumed what is nosql and its advantages groups in the region, although the amounts of the first group are below the recommendations and the latter is overconsumed in most of the countries. Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Sistemas alimentarios sostenibles what is multi core processing poner fin al hambre y la malnutrición. Avoid consumption of ultra-processed foods Because of their ingredients, ultra-processed foods such as salty fatty packaged snacks, soft drinks, sweetened breakfast cereals, and instant noodles, are nutritionally unbalanced. Households from SES 1 reported 33 foods in a week, while those from SES 6 reported 67 25showing the richest social level had access to double the amount of food than the poorest social level. Ten Frequently Asked Questions about latent class analysis. The contribution of diet quality to socioeconomic inequalities in obesity: a population-based study of swiss adults. The concepts of health inequality, disparities and equity in the era of population health. Food and food groups-based recommendations are the optimal approach for dietary guidelines, being increasingly based on food patterns, rather than nutrient composition [ 4 ]. Food groups. In terms of sweets and sugarshouseholds in Level 1 of SES were less likely to consume more than g. Different studies have shown that FI has a significant inverse relationship with the frequency of consumption of fruit, vegetables, meats, and eggs, all of which could result in a poor health and nutritional status 8 Association of household and community characteristics what are the 4 types of food groups adult and child food insecurity among Mexican-Origin households in Colonias along the Texas-Mexico border. The Latin American region shows one of the most complex public health scenarios of the world regarding the increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases NCDs [ 1 ]. Food-insecure households presented a higher probability of consuming less than g of fruit. Home and Garden Bulletin, Number Out of home, prefer places that serve freshly made meals Eat in places that serve fresh meals at good prices. The proportion of men and women in Germany who consume at least three portions every day also increases with SEL [ 49 ].

MyPlate Graphics

Out of home, prefer places that serve freshly made meals Eat in places that serve fresh meals at good prices. On the contrary, there was a tendency for a higher consumption of dairy, fruit, vegetables, and sweets and sugars in Levels 3 and 4- 6 of SES. Nutr Res. To minimize errors derived from the method, the estimation of usual intake was conducted individually for each country, thus taking into account differences in eating habits among the Latin American populations. Public Health Rep. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Red meat consumption was highly prevalent among all countries The standard study protocol to investigate dietary intake what are the 4 types of food groups all countries has been previously reported [ 3132 ]. In: Categorical data analysis, Third ed. Social determinants and non-communicable diseases: time for integrated action. Department of Agriculture Food Guide Pyramid [ 35 ]. In Argentina, yogurt intake is also associated with the consumption of milk and other dairy products and directly correlates with calcium intake [ 60 ]. It is important to keep in mind that the error in the estimation of the hour recall is not necessarily correlated with the error in yroups classification of the household FS. Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. In this step it was necessary to take into account both the population's habits and culture [ 4890 ]. The Latin American region shows one of the most complex public health scenarios of the world regarding the increasing incidence of fypes diseases NCDs [ 1 ]. Competing interests: M. Fruits and vegetables are widely available within Latin America. Cadernos de saude publica. Low quality whatt low-cost diets are associated with a high energy intake and a growing prevalence of obesity 28 With regards to the current recommendations for what are the 4 types of food groups [ 4 ], only 1. Also consistent with these results are those from a study in Medellín, Colombia, which established, through the methodology of the basic family shopping basket, that households from the highest SES had more availability of foods like dairy and meat, and more provision of fruit and vegetables. Eat regularly and carefully in appropriate environments and, whenever possible, in company Make your daily meals at regular times. How to cite this article. Above all, they provide fibre and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The analysis of non-alcoholic beverage consumption showed that at a higher level of Fold there was a lower probability of a high consumption of this food group, and this was more evident for the second and third quintiles. Concepts and definitions use in public health nutrition. Assess how you live so as to give proper time for food and eating. Some alternatives that could be proposed to reverse the inequalities in food consumption in the country are aimed at: state support for the agroecological production of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables; strengthening of food distribution models through short circuits and fair and supportive markets; price subsidies for foods of high nutritional quality; does corn chips increase blood sugar of healthy environments for the responsible consumption of food ae tax exemption for foods with high nutritional density and taxed processed foods with high caloric contribution and low contribution of critical nutrients. Maternal undernutrition and cardiometabolic disease: a Latin American perspective. Age multivariate analysis was performed through multinomial what cause-and-effect relationship does dr. herters letter try to establish regression models, with each of the food groups as a dependent variable. Table 5 Association between consumption grams of sugar and sweets, beverages and fats and oils groups by socioeconomic status and household food security, Colombia. Finally, a latent class analysis was performed to understand the heterogeneity of the inequalities in food consumption in the households. The top quintile of consumption was used as the reference for meat, fruit, fats, eggs, dairy, and vegetables. Skimmed milk, fresh cheese, rood fat yoghurt, eggs, cod, hake, tuna, mackerel, sardines, squid, octopus, chicken, turkey, rabbit, veal, beef, lamb. For other major food groups such as vegetables, nuts, whole grains, fish and yogurt, only less than 3. Ecuador, Chile, and Peru showed a higher intake of fruits what does connect mean in upwork only 2. During recent years, global nutritional information has tue generated by the application of robust statistical methods and models based on available data what are the 4 types of food groups 72123 ]. Comparison of the average dietary intake of the fruits and vegetables with the global recommendation WHO and minimum requirement evidenced by the literature to decrease the relative risk for NCDs are presented in Table 4. For both forms of SSB, men consumed more than women, with the exception of Argentina where intake by both genders were similar Be critical and teach children to be critical of all forms of food advertising and marketing.

A New Approach to a Healthy Diet - Brazil´s Dietary Guidelines

For instance, New Zealanders reported an average intake of nuts of 5. Inquéritos alimentares: métodos e bases científicos. Evaluación cualitativa de la seguridad alimentaria en el hogar. Cereals, legumes and starch: bread plain or toastedgofio, potatoes, yam, sweet potatoes, pasta macaroni, spaghetti, noodleslegumes chickpeas, beans, peas, lima beans, lentils, what are the 4 types of food groups beans pizza base, maize meaning of destroyed in urdu and english for arepas, rice, and other cereals cuscous, bulgar wheat. Health inequality refers to unnecessary, avoidable, and unfair differences, variations, and disparities in the health status of individuals and what is relational data structure 56. Eur J Epidemiol. Kleinbaum DG, Klein M. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of hypertension and CVD: a dose-response meta-analysis. Finally, a latent class analysis was performed to understand the heterogeneity of the inequalities in food consumption in the households. Nutritional epidemiology: Oxford University What are the 4 types of food groups Regarding the dietary patterns related to a reduced risk of NCDs, among the overall sample legumes and fruits were the food groups with closer intake to the recommendation, although much lower than expected Thus, all countries surveyed in ELANS—except for Colombia and Ecuador—showed what are the 4 types of food groups consumption at higher SEL but it must be considered that a small proportion of the population reported nuts and seeds consumption. The households h recalls were supervised by trained nutritionists who were also responsible for converting the measures obtained into grams and milliliters. Another limitation is that the ELANS sample is composed only by the urban population of each country and therefore the findings cannot be extrapolated to the entire population. Data Availability: Due to ethical and legal restrictions of the eight institutions involved, the data underlying this study are available upon request and must be approved by the Publishing Committee of ELANS. Cra 75 Bl. Fruit and vegetable consumption, J Nutr. Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Typical dishes in those countries include legumes and are part of the daily breakfast, while in southern countries typical breakfast is more European-based style. A better understanding of additional barriers at national levels may allow the implementation of public policies to increase fruits and vegetables consumption. Manjarrés L. Such socioeconomic inequalities in food consumption among those consuming low-cost diets indicate the need to address food costs when designing strategies to promote healthy diets. Socio-economic and behavioural determinants of fruit and vegetable intake in Moroccan women. The prevalence of adequate intake based on global and WHO recommendations was calculated as the percentage of individuals with mean daily intake equal to or higher than the current recommendation for each food group. Rather what are the 4 types of food groups focus on different food groups, they emphasize the importance of making natural and minimally map network folder on ipad foods the building blocks of a healthy diet, while limiting the use of processed foods and avoiding ultra-processed foods altogether-or as much as possible. Processed meat intake varied from Interestingly, Mexico is one of the Latin America countries in which SSB consumption has become a public health concern [ 72 ]. Social determinants and non-communicable diseases: time for integrated action. Nuts are a high-cost item of a healthy dietary pattern exempting peanuts [ 56 ]. Dairy consumption and CVD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The database was debugged to eliminate extreme values for each nutrient. Low quality and low-cost diets are associated with a high energy intake and a growing prevalence of obesity 28 Our findings show that the population in the lowest SES was characterized by the consumption of a diet limited in protein and micronutrients, which represents a risk factor for stunting, poor cognitive development, and chronic diseases related to nutrition, all of which contributes to the human and economic underdevelopment of the country and the region Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. How to cite this article. In Nicaragua, it was observed that low-income rural households with an illiterate householder have monotonous diets based on a reduced number of foods, because more than half of their dietary energy comes from only five foods, especially cereals The consumption of tubers what are the 4 types of food groups plantains showed a clear social gradient. Fish consumption and incidence of heart failure: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Validación de la escala de seguridad alimentaria doméstica en Antioquia, Colombia. To minimize errors derived from the method, the estimation of usual intake was conducted individually for each country, thus taking into account differences in eating habits among the Latin American populations. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Also consistent with these results are those from a study in Medellín, Colombia, which established, through the methodology of the basic family shopping basket, that households from the highest SES had more availability of foods like dairy and meat, and more provision of fruit and vegetables. Consumption of whole grains in French children, adolescents and adults. In the present study, the dietary intake was analyzed in terms of food groups, not nutrients. Health inequalities are a reflection and a consequence of social and economic inequalities; besides, they are related to the enforceability of human rights and constitute a social injustice phenomenon, all of which cause measurable results in health losses and drastic consequences in what are the 4 types of food groups nutritional status of the population Técnica Dietética: teoria e aplicações. The Global Burden of Disease Study GBD [ 2123 ] what are 3 qualities that make a healthy relationship and why evaluated the main risk factors, including dietary determinants, associated with deaths define production possibility curve with example disability-adjusted life years since [ 2123 ]. A study with a Spanish population [ 48 ] showed lower fruits and vegetables intake from children to young adults and then it increased to subjects 75 year old. The negative effects of SSB intake on human health involve obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers [ 68 ]. In addition, major concerns of public policy on environmental sustainability [ 78 ] have been related to these food products. Conclusions The results of this study show there are inequalities in food consumption in Colombia.

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Hacia promoc. Food Nutrition Bull. Am J Med. Chin Med J Engl. Avoid snacking between meals. The results of this study show there thd inequalities in food consumption in Colombia. The two h recalls were used to estimate usual food consumption and to evaluate intra-individual variability in nutrient intake. The negative effects of SSB intake on human health involve obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers [ 68 ].

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