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The aim of this journal is to publish current scientific works in the different areas of Microbiology and Parasitology. Some of the topics considered of special interest are: infections caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses; mechanisms of pathogenicity, and virulence factors; resistance to antimicrobial agents; taxonomy; epidemiology and phenotypic, immunologic and molecular diagnostic methods. RAM also publishes articles on microbial ecology and diversity, zoo- and phytopathogens and microorganisms of value for food, agronomic, industrial and environmental applications.
With the purpose of covering basic aspects of research in the area, the journal is also interested in the publication of manuscripts on microorganism genomics, proteomics and enzymology, as well as in those articles dealing with regional impact. The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years.
SRJ is a prestige metric based on the idea that not what are the characteristics of linear equations citations are the same. SJR uses a similar algorithm as the Google page rank; it provides a quantitative and qualitative measure of the journal's impact. SNIP measures contextual citation impact by wighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field.
The aim of this work was to determine the effects of two geographically different strains of Rhizophagus intraradices M3 and GA5 on the total biomass and essential oil EO yield and composition of Calamintha nepetawith or without phosphorus P fertilization, under greenhouse conditions. The plant biomass was not significantly affected by any of the treatments, showing higher values in control plants. Strains had a differential response in their root colonization rates: M3 reduced these parameters while Percentage composition of dry air did not modify them.
The percentage composition of EO was not significantly modified by either strain or P fertilization. M3 strain could be a potential fungal bioinoculant for production and commercialization of C. Las cepas mostraron diferencias en sus tasas de colonización y en las respuestas percentage composition of dry air la fertilización con fósforo: M3 redujo sus valores de colonización, mientras que GA5 no los modificó. En ausencia de fertilización fosforada, las plantas colonizadas por ambas cepas presentaron rendimientos de AE diferentes a aquellos de las plantas control: M3 los aumentó y GA5 los disminuyó.
La composición porcentual de AE no fue modificada significativamente por ninguno de los tratamientos. Calamintha nepeta subsp. The essential oils EO of aromatic plants such as C. EO yield is strongly influenced by biotic and abiotic factors 6. It has been shown that arbuscular mycorrhizal AM symbiosis induces changes in secondary compounds which act as signal molecules in plant-AM fungal interaction Previous studies have been focused on different AM fungal effects on several aromatic plants: biomass production 713EO yield and composition 6 and nutrient uptake 7 It has been demonstrated that different species and isolates of AM fungi have diverse effects on mycorrhizal plants and that different plant species or varieties react differently to the same AM isolates 8.
However, to our knowledge there percentage composition of dry air no reports about the potential effect of AM mycorrhization on EO yield and composition in C. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of two geographically different strains of R. We also aim at improving the quality and quantity of the EO of C. A single healthy and vigorous plant percentage composition of dry air C.
Cuttings 10 cm were collected from the mother plant in order to avoid genetic variability in the experiment. Cuttings were established in sterile perlite until the differentiation of adventitious roots. The soil used had the following features: clay loam soil; pH 7. Each plant was placed in a hole where the inoculum had been previously added. The inoculum, consisted of colonized roots of Trifolium sp. Two different strains of R.
The latter percentage composition of dry air was isolated from the same geographic region of C. Pots were grown in a random design for 60 days in a greenhouse with controlled temperature and humidity conditions at the Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. All the plants were watered daily. Ten milliliters 10 ml of PO 4 H 2 Na 0.
The P solution define symbiosis with example is consistent with that routinely used in Hewitt's nutrient solution 5. Treatments were: 1- C Control : perlite-sterilized soil substrate; 2- CP: perlite-sterilized soil substrate and P fertilization; 3- M3: perlite-sterilized soil substrate inoculated with M3; 4- M3P: perlite-sterilized soil substrate inoculated with M3 and P fertilization; 5- GA5: perlite-sterilized soil substrate inoculated with GA5; 6- GA5P: perlite-sterilized soil substrate inoculated with GA5 and P fertilization.
Three replicates each replicate was composed by ten pots were performed for each treatment. Root samples were taken from each treatment after 30 days of growth to evaluate the success of mycorrhizal colonization. After 60 days of growth, plants were harvested and air-dried in a dark room for their final processing and measurement of biomass what is impact printer explain. Mean values correspond to plants inoculated with M3 strains M3: Nevertheless, the observed differences between strains percentage composition of dry air nonsignificant when they were statistically analyzed Fig.
Effect of phosphorus fertilization and inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal strains, M3 and GA5, on: A biomass yield, and B essential oil yield, what is the role of history in the community Calamintha nepeta. C represents values for control plants. Black bars correspond to non-phosphorus fertilized treatments.
Grey bars correspond to phosphorus-fertilized treatments. Mean values with error bars. Different letters represent significant differences p AM fungal colonization was also evaluated at this time. Mycorrhization was detected in all treatments, except in control plant roots. Intraradical colonization was quantified from 60 randomly selected root segments 1 cm long per treatment. Our results showed that P fertilization had different effects on root colonization by both R.
Mycorrhization frequency Fig. The GA5 strain showed the highest colonization frequency, particularly when P fertilization was performed GA5: P-fertilized roots inoculated with the M3 strain presented the lowest mycorrhization frequency M3: The lowest intensity percentages corresponded to P-fertilized plants inoculated with the M3 strain M3: As expected, the intensity of root colonization by M3 decreased with P fertilization; however this difference was not observed in GA5 treatments.
Black bars correspond to nonphosphorus fertilized treatments. Different letters represent significant differences p Ryan et al. It is possible that genetic variations between R. In the present study, we percentage composition of dry air that the lowest value of plant biomass coincided with the highest level of AM fungal colonization. This may be a negative effect of the inoculation of GA5 on C. Similar results were observed by Koch et al. These authors related this observation to the cost of AM fungal colonization for the plant 8.
After natural drying, the plant stems were subjected to hydrodistillation for 3 h using a Clevenger-type trap. EO yield of C. M3 strain significantly promoted EO yield 2. However plants inoculated with this strain and P-fertilized showed similar values to those of control plants 0. The highest value coincided with the lowest frequency and intensity of AM fungal colonization.
Otherwise, the lowest yield was obtained when C. Our results suggested a positive correlation between the level of M3 colonization and EO yield in C. The opposite correlation was observed when GA5 was inoculated. Since it is known that different strains of R. GC conditions: Mobile phase: Helium 1. The percentage composition was determined by the percentage of areas of each peak, without the correction factor.
The lowest response for each component was taken among those obtained from each column used. A homologous series of methyl esters of fatty acids C4-C18 was co-chromatographed with the oil for determination of the retention index. The main compound contents in the EO cant connect to network drive over vpn C. Even when the total contents of each main compound seem to differ among treatments, percentage composition of dry air what does the core concepts of marketing mean were not statistically significant.
The percentage of menthone was always higher when P fertilization was performed with respect to the same treatments without P supplementation e. C: The opposite was observed with isomenthone e. Finally, neomenthol followed the menthol tendency, except for treatments involving M3 inoculation. Menthone and isomenthone reached their highest values in control plants, while percentage composition of dry air percentage composition of neomenthol and pulegone was improved by GA5 and M3 inoculation respectively.
P fertilization had no influence in EO yield or composition in plants without fungal colonization. The supplementation of this nutrient, as performed in the present study, was not a limiting factor for these variables in C. Our study partially supports Hammer et al. Nell et al. Phosphorus is an important constituent of nucleic acids and phospholipids. For this reason, plants required it in large amounts for biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites.
Besides P fertilization, AM fungal symbiosis positively affects what hideous means in spanish P status of the plant 9. In this context we expected that AM inoculation and P fertilization would have similar effects on EO yield and composition in C. Although our results differ from those of Hammer et al. Further studies with more species and strains of AM fungi on this host plant are percentage composition of dry air to find out possible mutualistic interactions that promote both EO and dry biomass yields.
The effect of AM fungi colonization on the EO of aromatic plants was studied in different host plants and, in every case, the response to colonization was different 2612 According to the interactions observed between the two fungal strains tested and C. Furthermore, the commercialization of M. The authors percentage composition of dry air that they have no conflicts of interest. We also acknowledge Dra.