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Don't have an account? The first chapter explores sixteenth and seventeenth century Spanish medical, regulatory and moral discourses in order to show how they inherit, reproduce and propagate an amalgam of Western traditional concepts of the female embodiment. The exposition includes selected medical works from the fifteenth to the end of sixteenth century that deal with anatomic descriptions of bodily functions, the role of each sex in medical love quotes for her, and the explanation of diseases, prophylactic measures and cures.
In addition, chapter 1 quotez discourses of the plague and syphilis in order to show how stigmatizing diseases particularly affected women. Toward that end, this chapter examines selected natural science texts as well as the social and moral prescriptions that predominated in Spain from the late fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries in order to elucidate specific concepts of corporeality during the period that inform artistic female representations. The anatomical descriptions of gendered bodies, and their somatic vulnerabilities, expected functions and assigned meanings, had remarkable political consequences.
These discourses cooperated in the construction of a hierarchy of bodies that placed women, especially unruly females, at the bottom of the scale. These manuals include general descriptions of the constitution of the female body, gynecological and obstetric treatises and epidemic literature, where women were allegedly implicated in the development and propagation of certain widespread diseases of the period, such as syphilis.
I also investigate the function why is it hard for me to read books public health recommendations and regulations concerning poverty and prostitution, as well as the role of hospitals, workhouses, penitentiaries and brothels in segregating poor women. Finally, I hee illustrative moral treatises that, in the same spirit that stimulated public health initiatives and poverty reforms, present guidelines medical love quotes for her ideal female behavior based on the assumptions that women were fragile, defective and unstable and, therefore, needed to be subdued and controlled.
Unruly, poor, ill medical love quotes for her are the objects of maximum social stigma. Although, paradoxically, imperfect and powerless female figures are very present in the male artistic imagination, historically they form an anonymous group without voice. They left traces of their existence through indirect information, such as their role in pollution, hospitalization records, government regulations or sporadic legal complaints of disorderly behavior. At the other extreme of the female social spectrum, as my chapter on Teresa de Avila illustrates, religious women provided written testimony of the what are relations in mathematics difficulties of being a woman living with unexplained diseases in the medica, difficulties partly explained by the ingrained conception that the fragility of the female body—mind predisposed women to demonic influence.
Following an examination of these discourses I conclude that, as with disability, the major element of the devalued trope of effeminacy is judgment and stigmatization of corporeal difference. The master trope of effeminacy is therefore used to depreciate not only specific gendered individuals but also other groups dismissed in the period, such as the Jews or the Venetians.
There is a plethora lovve publications that study the body from diverse perspectives. Summarizing the complexities involved in mediccal of the body, Simon J. Williams and Gillian Bendelow describe it as:. The Lived Body 2. The biological, symbolic and medical love quotes for her aspects of embodiment, as well as the impact that impairments, diseases, social stigma and discrimination have loge the self, are at the core of disability theories.
Nonetheless, many of the notions medical love quotes for her in somatic theories concern the male able body, the universal model of human being. Thus, even when their theoretical conclusions can be applied to both sexes, an exploration of how different bodies interact with their environment and how difference is used as justification for the social injustices directed to women and the disabled is essential.
In a dichotomy that favors ableness and males, ner is not surprising medical love quotes for her feminist and disability studies share the common goal of examining and debunking the accepted meanings and social implications of physical embodiment. Men have been placed on the positive side of the equation, and the ideal human being has been universally conceived as masculine, young and physically and mentally able.
Women, in contrast, have historically been circumscribed as an insufficient or deficient version of this model. Challenging the patriarchal position that favors male—mind, Grosz demonstrates that sexualized bodies are fundamental to an understanding of the connection between physicality, society and culture. Bodies are not a natural unchanged given, but the result of historical p.
For Douglas, the body with its orifices and surfaces represents and symbolizes social ffor and fantasies through rituals of pollution and purification, especially in the relation between the sexes Douglas chapter 7 ; Grosz The conception of female carnality constructed in the West is much more complex than a mere lack. This disparity creates a gap, an intolerable distance, for masculine systems that medicaal sameness and identity, and justifies the historical violence toward women and other grimy meaning that mesical the order.
This intolerance and aggressiveness toward female bodies also describes the disorder wuotes by disability. The differences marked on female bodies emptiness, impure fluids, broken authorize men to associate women with disease, infection and contamination Grosz— Women, like the disabled, have incomplete, uncontainable, deformed and excessive bodies that threaten mainstream order and solidity. Early modern discourses reproduced and circulated commonly held classical and medieval conceptions about women, principally centered on their defective corporality and moral corruption.
Such ideas inform the abundant corpus of vernacular medical, public health and hygiene treatises pove well as religious, moral and prescriptive works available to a wide sector of the population. They are also reflected in literary and artistic artifacts. During the late medieval and Renaissance period, medical definitions of the female body are complex and interconnected with such areas as spermatology, hysterology, humor theories, embryology and anatomy Maclean As such, early modern medical treatises are a continuation of medieval medicine based on an amalgam of the principles found in Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen and the Judeo-Christian tradition, quores addition to Renaissance philosophical currents, discoveries and practices Siraisi Both male and female have seeds, but males are more perfect than females because of their hotter constitution.
Therefore, the colder and moister dominant humors in women explain their internal sexual organs and inability to produce semen Maclean The belief that men and women were the same sex with equal genitals, but inverted and internal for women because of their lesser development, was so ingrained that even after empirical observations to the contrary Andreas Vesalius and other sixteenth-century anatomists continued to graphically depict the similarity of the sexual organs.
By comparison, women are flawed and disabled from the moment of conception. The female embryo is already medical love quotes for her in the uterus by discarded materials and impure blood Shildrick, Leaky Alternative concepts such as the Hippocratic notion that women ejaculate and have their own semen and that the human fetus is the result of the merging and interaction of male and female seeds also circulated during the early modern period in Europe.
The implication of the existence of female seeds also accepted by Galen may support an argument for mefical equal worth of the sexes. It was believed that men had more physical ability to convert their seed into nutrition and, as a consequence, to avoid sex without p. If the female seed was believed to be inferior, and menstruation the result of excessive impurities, the uterus was also conceptualized as a source of problems. The conception of a wandering uterus implies a hollow female body.
Embryos and fetuses also seem qutoes and p. Usually the figures represent a small child completely formed, which gives the impression of self-sufficiency, making the maternal body into simply an independent empty container Shildrick, Leaky 38, This lack of substance and vacancy in the female body has been a recurrent theme in Western culture. While ancient natural philosophy Aristotle, Galen lacked the concept of the vaginal hymen and considered female virginity more a state of moral purity and innocence than a physical state, Christian societies invested defloration with impurity and moral judgment.
Lastly, the problems of female corporality constitute the rationale for her mental weakness quotds moral depravity. Medical love quotes for her weaker body and mind justify their confinement to private social spheres and their submission to men Maclean 41—44 ; Qyotes, Leaky medica The diverse constructions of the flawed materiality of women support the conception of their physical and intellectual inferiority and the cultural expectations of their social role during the medical love quotes for her modern period.
Late medieval and Renaissance Spanish medicine follows the same European trends, characterized by the influence of classical and medieval natural philosophy. Spanish medical humanists such as Andrés Laguna and Luis Medical love quotes for her produced significant academic books written in Latin, while other authors and practitioners wrote in the vernacular. Such books were accessible and fulfilled the expectations of ill readers in search of medical advice Solomon, Fictions 8.
They address the prevailing humoral theory as well as traditional, classical, Arabic and medieval scholastic rationalization Aristotle, Galen, Averroes, Avicenna, Albertus Magnus and Constantine Africanus on the inferiority of women. Compendio and Lilio attest to the persistence of medieval medical knowledge during the Renaissance Granjel, La medicina española renacentista Notwithstanding Aristotle, both Compendio and Lilio acknowledge the p. Seeds are originated either in the superfluous humor of digestion or in the distilled humor of what is the strongest correlation coefficient in psychology brain, and their expulsion is a natural and healthy occurrence.
When this need is unfulfilled, the retention of menstrual blood and sperm increases sexual desire in women as well as producing diverse illnesses such as suffocation of the mother hysteria. Among other cures for suffocation, such as applying stinking odors in the nose and pleasant ones in the lower parts to drive the uterus downGordonio recommends that midwives massage the genitals. Compendio explains that menstrual fluids are corrupt and undigested red blood that medical love quotes for her only in women owing to their medkcal nature and imperfect metabolism.
Because of their continuous contact with this poisonous substance, women are essentially immune to venom and can have a powerful destructive and polluting effect on others during their menstruation through the venomous fumes emitted from their eyes. Clearly these conceptions produce the idea of a dangerous female that can infect and destroy people. Because of their somatic qualities, females need to what is mean causal research feared and restrained.
Quofes way of monitoring them is by affirming their natural need for moderated intercourse for medical love quotes for her, which should occur within the institution of marriage. As a result of this policy, unrestrained single and older women are especially dangerous, physically and socially. What does a prosthetic group bring to an enzyme medical love quotes for her forth in the Compendiomenstruating women medical love quotes for her also responsible for monstrosity, malformations and infections.
Women who become pregnant during their periods will deliver deformed or leprous children Compendio XXIv. Moreover, the voices of men that have intercourse with women during menstruation turn husky because their breath attracts the infected jer of women. Even worse, when the flow of blood is retained, or interrupted by aging, the liquid rots inside their bodies, making women insane.
The corrupted matter retained in the body of post-menopausal p. Healthy adult males should avoid any sexual contact with them Compendio XXv. The description of specific female organs completes the defective physiology of women in these treatises. Compendio reveals the traditional conception of the uterus explained above: an organ that moves and provokes suffocation, and that is programmed to conceive men, since woman is a monstrous accident of nature.
Anatomy was a branch of medicine that flourished during the sixteenth century, advancing the study of the human body through direct observation and dissections of bodies, in contrast to the inherited theoretical ideas presented in learned medical books. These premises are similarly included in the most widely known treatise on anatomy, by Juan Valverde de Is love and planet good for your hair, De humanis corpori fabrica Rome, p.
For him, both males medical love quotes for her females have seeds in variable quality; there are women with manly semen and men with feminine semen. These anatomies attest that during the sixteenth century even the most empirical and secular approach to understanding bodies did not produce a medical love quotes for her favorable concept of female corporality. In addition to the ideas presented in medical and anatomic treatises, notions of female somatics can be found in the medical love quotes for her plague and epidemic literature of the period.
Most of these texts deal with syphilis, a dor unknown disease that appeared at the end of the fifteenth century and became a devastating pandemic during the sixteenth century and well into the seventeenth. The most accepted theory of its origin and propagation at that time is that Columbus brought syphilis from America. When the mercenary militia, already contaminated by p. It was not until medjcal early twentieth century that a cure was found.
Numerous medical treatises speculated about its corporeal, astrological and divine origin, explained its symptoms, provided advice on how to avoid contamination and prescribed diverse cures. Moral discourses considered the malady a justified punishment for perverse behavior and medical love quotes for her more austere lifestyles, while the Spanish state enacted diverse regulations to preserve public health.
The literature of the period reflects the anxieties caused by an illness that affected all social stratums. Parallel to the emergence and development of the disease medical love quotes for her Europe, syphilitic characters and motifs appear in many Spanish fictional works from the beginning of the sixteenth century. In these texts, the symptoms and marks of syphilis are conventional features in the representation of female figures related to activities such as prostitution and witchcraft.
These characters are usually portrayed with deformed, repulsive, leaky and contagious bodies, a medical love quotes for her that supports the traditional association of the female body with physical and moral decay. In fact, as Humberto Huergo points out, syphilis becomes the sign par excellance of women, with their defective, excessive and medical love quotes for her bodies xvi. It is important to understand how the concept of contagion was approached.
During the early modern period categories of medical love quotes for her were not clearly differentiated from moral beliefs and environmental phenomena. As we have seen, concurring with the tradition of natural philosophy inserted in medical texts such as Lilio and Compendiowomen can naturally contaminate others through the venomous vapors emanated from their bodies through their eyes or through their p. In line with this concept, in his book Reprobation of Superstitions and Sorceries [ Reprovacion de las supersticiones y hechizerias ] Pedro de Ciruelo includes lepers, syphilitics, menstruating quites and ugly old hags in the category of infectious people.