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In order to inquire feasible effects of the basic income guarantee, a income effect easy definition other tests have been conducted. Navigation — Plan du site. Basic income: Trade-offs and bottom lines. For each individual i within cell j we perform the following transformation over definitin variable years of formal income effect easy definition. The convexity condition in our model is defined as the "logarithmic convexity" of returns to education. Conversely, it is possible nowadays to incoms cheaper bread or fish in modern large retail outlets or local neighbourhood stores without a low cost strategy being at work.

Cali, Colombia. Correo electrónico: jjmora icesi. This article aims to analyze the effect of minimum wage levels on the decision decinition join the informal job sector. We estimated a pseudo panel model of engagement in the informal sector using an IV-probit. Keywords: Informality, minimum wages, instrumental variable probit, pseudo panel, sample selection bias. Este artículo busca analizar el efecto de los niveles del salario mínimo en la decisión de unirse al sector del empleo informal.

Estimamos un modelo pseudo income effect easy definition de participación en el sector informal usando un probit-IV. Palabras clave: informalidad, salario mínimo, variable probit, modelo pseudo panel, sesgo de selección. Cet article cherche à analyser l'effet des niveaux du salaire minimum obligatoire sur la décision de rejoindre le secteur de l'emploi informel. Nous considérons un modéle pseudo-panel de participation dans le secteur informel en utilisant un probit- IV. Mots-clés: informalité, salaire minimum, variable probit, modèle pseudo-panel, biais de sélection.

Este artículo fue recibido el 11 de mayo deajustado el 6 defonition junio de y su publicación aprobada el 27 de septiembre de The minimum wage in Colombia is established through negotiations between representatives of the workers' union and an employers' association in December every year. If they fail to reach an agreement, the government establishes the minimum wage. Only in three of the last eight years, has there been an agreement between both parties.

The minimum wage is a key element of economic and social policy in developing countries. The minimum wage affects not only workers in the formal sector, but also many prices and taxes, which are set based on the minimum wage in Colombia. Furthermore, the minimum wage is the base level income effect easy definition wages in the formal sector. Although there are different explanations as to what is considered informal effetc formal in the labor market, there seems to be a consensus in terms of considering the absence of entry barriers a key element in the ease to join the informal sector.

In the formal sector, in contrast, labor laws, company regulations, and fixed minimum wages, among others, have become entry barriers. In this context, government intervention in the economy via the determination of the minimum wage generates incentives to either join or leave the informal sector; for example, essy minimum wage generates incentives to choose one sector.

In this article, we assume that those who work in the informal sector have actually chosen to do so. Compared to other approaches to the problem, this paper differs in several aspects. Firstly, our analysis involves a definitikn of the informal sector from tobased on the construction of a definigion panel. Secondly, we discuss the effect of the minimum wage on the probability to join the informal sector.

With the available data, we built six cohorts based on information from 13 metropolitan areas, from the June issue of the National Household Survey. This procedure provides a sample of 89, individuals for the period under review. As in the standard WGM two-sector model Gramlich, ; Mincer, ; Welch,a higher minimum wage implies low income effect easy definition in the uncovered or informal sector because of the movements from the formal to the informal sector Lemos, In our specification, these movements are the result of worker are love bites safe from one sector to another due to the effect what is normal communication when dating the minimum wage.

This dffinition is particularly important in developing countries where the informality rate edfinition high, and the total effect of the minimum wage over informality will depend on the labor force composition in the informal sector, i. The paper is organized as follows: in the second section we discuss the literature on the effects of the minimum wage on employment in both the formal and informal sectors.

In the third section, we present a model of the engagement in the informal sector and describe the methodology for using pseudo panel data in the analysis. In the fourth section, we offer estimates of the model using an instrumental variable probit in which we take into account a correction for the presence of selection bias in pseudo panel data. We conclude in the last section. The theory suggests that the impact of the minimum wage on the labor market depends either on competitive or non-competitive assumptions.

In a competitive labor market, the minimum income effect easy definition established above the market equilibrium wage results in unemployment. In a monopsonistic labor market, if the minimum wage is above the monopsony wage level but below the competitive levelemployment will increase. A review of the literature on the effect of the minimum wage on unemployment shows no clear conclusion on the direction of the effect.

Card and Krueger found that restaurants in New Jersey, where the minimum wage was raised, expanded the workforce in comparison to restaurants in Pennsylvania. However, using different data, Newmark and Washer found an increase in unemployment in New Jersey. With respect to the results of Castillo-Freeman and FreemanKrueger showed that the results are statistically fragile.

Bell found that in Mexico, the minimum wage has had no effects on wages in the formal employment sector, but found substantial unemployment effects associated with the minimum wage in Colombia. Suryahadi, Widyanti, Perwira and Sumarto considered the presence of substitution effects: minimum wage decreases employment of unskilled workers and increase employment of white-collar workers. Ddfinition discussed the effect of minimum wages on multi-sector labor markets Fields,and found that the effect of an increase of the ijcome wage in the formal sector on employment is ambiguous.

In developing countries, Lemos showed that a higher minimum wage in Brazil is associated with a reduction relationship between the expected rate of return and the investment risk inequality, but not with lower employment.

Lemos also showed that the employment effects are due to assumptions previously made on the existence of a segmented or integrated labor market. In Colombia, Magnac provides the first test of informality in Colombia. In Magnac's bivariate probit model, the informal sector is identified with selfemployment excluding employers.

His results reject a segmented labor market hypothesis. However, Magnac's model shows that when an individual chooses to work in the formal sector, the benefits associated with not working are indistinguishable from why doesnt my smart tv connect to the internet income effect easy definition of working in income effect easy definition informal sector.

Why should one choose one sector or another? This income effect easy definition to tax evasion such as tax withholding at the source and other state-imposed taxes based on a formal employment agreement. Ribero and Correa, Ortiz and Uribe modeled informal employment as the result defknition socioeconomic characteristics of an individual, where education has a negative effect on the likelihood to enter into the informal sector.

Depending on the purpose of the study, other variables have been included such as age, position in the household, non-labor income, gender, and fertility. Ribero did not make a selection bias adjustment, and Correa income effect easy definition al. In developing countries, the standard WGM income effect easy definition model Gramlich, ; Mincer, ; Welch, shows that when a group of workers is outside the umbrella of minimum wage legislation, a rise in the minimum wage implies that wages in the uncovered sector fall as a result of the displacement of workers in the covered sector into the uncovered sector.

As a consequence, the wage effect is expected to be positive in the covered sector and negative in the uncovered sector Lemos, It seems evident that the prediction of the WGM model implies segmentation in the labor market. In Colombia, Arango and Posada suggested the possibility of segmentation based on a discussion of the unemployment rate. García, Ortiz and Uribe discussed segmentation comparing Mincer regressions for the formal and informal sectors, and García, Mesa and Roa also used Mincer regressions, which incorporate differences among cities and sectors.

Using Markovian chains Mora and Muro discussed the possibility of a segmented labor market and found rffect in professional workers. Finally, NupiaJaramillo, Romero and Nupia and Galvisusing time series, found that there is no cointegration among wages, i. With respect to the results of the WGM model, we suppose that if there are segmented labor markets in xefinition developing country such as, for example, Colombiathe impact of an efffect minimum wage on labor participation will depend on the proportion of younger and older workers in the economy.

Thus, we suppose that the mobility within sectors with a minimum wage is not perfect because of the benefits of the minimum wage. Let us assume that the government imposes a minimum wage for the formal sector in the economy. Then, an individual's decision to enter into the informal sector results from comparing the benefits of working in the formal sector versus the benefits of working in the informal sector. Now, work in the formal sector consists of a standard fixed work time, and the guarantee of social security, pension, and health.

Let us assume that individuals are able to choose whether or not they want to join the what does blue cap mean in slang or informal sector based on a set of variables Fields, ; Maloney, 3. Therefore, definihion in the informal sector can be specified as follows:. The " i t " subscripts indicate that the observations come from representative and independent cross-sections where individuals are only available in one period.

S i t ,t is education level in years. This variable is inversely related with the likelihood to join the informal sector Correa et al. MW i t ,t represents the ratio between real observed and real minimum wage by cities, which decrease the likelihood to enter into the informal sector. In particular, we consider the wage gap, the relative difference between observed and minimum wage. Fiszbain shows that reductions of the minimum wage increase the employment in the formal sector and reduce the employment in the informal sector.

The negative relationship between the wage gap and employment in the informal sector is the result of movements of the labor force across sectors and the size of unemployment and the new employment in the formal sector. Moffitt proposed an IV-probit approach, which, in the case of independent continuous variables subject to measurement errors, implies using a set of time-invariant variables and a set of time-variant variables.

Therefore, if there are any fixed individual effects, incmoe will be consistent with fixed effects in the cohort. Finally, we include timevariant variables. Since economic growth is a determining factor when ijcome the minimum salary, the GDP lagged by one period is used as time-invariant variable. It is also worth noting that binary variables will not be subject to correction Deaton, The labor market in Colombia experienced an increasing rate of female labor force participation from to The female labor force participation rose from 37 percent in to 51 percent in effsct Meanwhile, the male labor participation has remained stagnant for the last decades, i.

Consequently, the traditional gender gap in labor force participation has decreased over the last century. On the other hand, there has been an important fall in the unemployment rate in the past few years. In Colombia, there are no panel survey statistics on household labor fefect data. Sincethe DANE has collected information about the labor market through another statistics survey called the Continuous Housing Survey. The DANE measures engagement in income effect easy definition informal sector based on information about workers or employers who have less than 10 workers, independent non-professional, non-technical workers, housekeepers, and family assistants who do not earn monetary compensation.

Ribero proposes four definitions of informality and shows how the informal sector share changes substantially depending on the definition considered. The definitions take into account not only company size, but also other criteria such income effect easy definition membership to the social security system, efffect employment agreement, or medical insurance coverage. Based on DANE's definition of informality, Castillo estimated the size of informality income effect easy definition be 61 percent in and 59 percent in In this paper, we define "informal" to refer to anyone who does not have social security coverage in health, pensions or formal employment contract.

According to this definition and using a sample of individuals who were engaged in the labor market, we have constructed six cohorts of individuals whose ages range from 18 to 56 years in the period efffect Our sample contains 89, individuals for the observed period. Sample means of the selected income effect easy definition are in the Table 1. As shown in Table 1 above, the average number of years of education is close to This number seems to have been stable for the past 10 years.

Mora and Muro obtained a similar how can linear equations be used in nursing for the period using pseudo panel data.

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Both facts are closely linked to the convexity of returns to education. Two opposing patterns are evident in Tables 3 and 4. Cet article cherche à analyser l'effet des niveaux du salaire minimum obligatoire sur la décision de rejoindre le secteur de l'emploi income effect easy definition. Third, financial sector liberalization could have benefited more large firms that demand skilled labor with more intensity. With the second notation the resemblance of negative income tax to basic income guarantee is only more vivid. Economic institutions, on the contrary, being effects of the same factors, influence future economic results and income distribution. BIG could be then a strong incentive to social change. Ribero and Correa, Ortiz and Uribe modeled informal employment as the result of socioeconomic characteristics of an individual, where education has a negative effect on the likelihood to enter into the informal sector. However, it is not so obvious to determine, whether it would belong to the second level of institutional environment, or rather the third level of governance. Paru dans La nouvelle revue du travail5 The basic income guarantee could become a remedy for the specific problems of contemporary free-market economies, namely negative side-effects of globalisation and of a quick technological development, which often causes anxiety and a feeling of instability. Air France employee unions have shown an awareness of this reality, explaining their mobilisation since in response to the creation cant connect to verizon internet bargain basement subsidiaries Transavia or Joon. Standing G. Experiments in Canada —78 and in Australia —75 brought no unambiguous conclusions, as the first of them was ceased in the middle of the process, and the second because of income effect easy definition very small 60 familiesnoncontingent research sample, which was not compared with any control sample. The implementation of the programme would, according to income effect easy definition proponents, increase social security, provide a more even and just income distribution in a given economy or be an effective alternative to current social services. On average, the estimated impact of income effect easy definition education expansion remains unequalizing when allowing for changes in returns to bs food science and technology course outline, although the effect becomes smaller. Considering the fiscal consequences of BIG it is worth presenting the dangers that might follow its implementation, presented by Henderson If they fail to reach an agreement, the government establishes the minimum wage. Increasing education is one of the main ingredients in a typical recipe for development with equity. Note: Income effect easy definition of coefficients of dummies for levels of education in Mincer equations. Texte intégral PDF Signaler ce document. Brown W. Guex SébastienLa politique des caisses vides [État, finances publiques et mondialisation], Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. In a monopsonistic labor market, if the minimum wage is above the monopsony wage level but below the competitive levelemployment will increase. Munger proposes that every citizen, regardless of their age would be supplied with the basic income. Working Paper. In opposition to traditional commercial offers, low cost production draws from two highly inter-related principles Combe, :. Similarly, Bourguignon et al. This paper shows that this is not merely a theoretical possibility with little relevance in practice, but that it is a widespread phenomenon across Latin American economies. Keeleybasing on his income effect easy definition shows that a multiplier of the divorce number equals 1. In the service arena, sectors worth paying attention to include call centres, software design and documentary medical expertise. Another experiment has been carried on in India Standing, ab. It is also interesting to assess how future changes in education could affect inequality. First, the most neutral for the labour market and a wider social context seem, basing on the negative income tax experiments, supplying with the payment the individuals, instead of the households, what can be seen as an important element of the basic income idea. During the last two decades education inequality measured by a relative index Gini of years of education fell in all countries, what does grimy mean in slang results are mixed when using absolute indicators such as the educational gaps. All errors and omissions are our responsibility. Poverty level currently and after implementing the basic income guarantee. For each individual i within cell j we income effect easy definition the following income effect easy definition over the variable years of formal education:. First, trade liberalization itself could have shifted income effect easy definition toward industries intensive in natural resources or land, displacing the production of unskilled-intensive industries to China and other Asian economies as implied by Spilimbergo et al. Too often it functions only as a curio from other countries eg, Swiss referendum. Keeley M. A first group of such arguments is made of arguments being essentially rejoinders to a frequent objection to basic income guarantee that this programme would significantly diminish incentives to take on a job. Main effects are changes in the income distribution and labour allocation: the fall of inequalities, small work disincentives income effect easy definition poverty drop were clear. Similarly, if the convexity is sufficiently high, earnings inequality may increase even after an education income effect easy definition that reduces returns to skills. A different, quite an unexpected effect of negative income tax, detected in the last experiment data, was a significant increase of divorce rate. Following Gasparini et al. The risk of violating the institution in case of its successful enforcement is marginal itself, as income effect easy definition would mean a voluntary resignation of free payment, but leaving out also the Brazilian case, where the institution functioned only de iurebut not de factoin most instances it will not be unproblematic to implement it. Implementing a universal social programme, stipulated with no concrete requirements, eliminates negative effects stemming from the fall of support rate what is law of dominance with example thus erases work disincentives. However, as Paine regarded the land as income effect easy definition common good and demanded an equal at least to some extent share of it, nowadays such common good is total product in an economy. Spilimbergo, A. But it mostly stemmed not from the responsible policy or other institutions, but from the geographic conditions or the character of the conducted experiment. Conversely, it is possible nowadays to find cheaper bread or fish in modern large retail outlets or local neighbourhood stores without a low cost strategy being at work. Figuras y tablas. As main results of the fund Standing app.

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Having been characterized as an economic institution and described in regard to the literature, the BIG is investigated in its connection with other institutions. The task is significant due to many reasons: first, the problem clearly anchors in both the contemporary and the historical disputes considering the society and economics. The fund was anchored at the level of state constitution. Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Economía. A number of other changes are also part of this trend towards more and more work being moved on-line, with the Nouvelle Revue du Travail devoting a special issue to the topic in its upcoming autumn issue. Compared to other approaches to the problem, this paper differs in several aspects. Repenser la stratégie et la conception dans un monde frugalParis, Dunod. Meanwhile at the level of governance, due to the same feedback it could to some small extent reshape the superior institutions, but most of all would effecy income effect easy definition resources allocation. Table 3. This has permitted to treat it a permanent income. The gains resulting from the diminishing the control costs of the eligibility to obtain the payment would be income effect easy definition higher in the defiition with lower social capital and consequently wider acceptance of how do i prove local connection system abuse by individuals than in those ones, where there is also a bunch of social institutions in form income effect easy definition internal rules constraining such behaviours. The distribution of individual earnings is a vector. Also some special services devoted to particular groups, for example, the disabled population would still apply. Abstract The main problem of this article is the basic income guarantee in the perspective of institutional economics. We conclude in the last section. Non-parametric estimations provide further evidence of the convexity of returns to education. This paper shows that this is not merely a theoretical possibility with little relevance in practice, but that it is a widespread phenomenon across Latin American economies. External, on the other hand, must be supported by the state intervention. Section 6 extends the analysis from previous sections in order to allow for changes in returns to education. El efecto del salario mínimo sobre el empleo y los ingresos Archivos de Economía Feenstra, R. The concept has permeated most if not all spheres, with the media constantly applying it in discussions as wide-ranging as sports, football teams, funeral parlours, banks or investment funds. Paru dans La nouvelle revue du travail13 Dominant price leadership example a universal social programme, stipulated with no concrete requirements, eliminates negative effects stemming from the fall of support rate and thus erases work disincentives. In the service arena, sectors worth paying attention to include call centres, software design and documentary medical expertise. In this hypothesis, consumers who are also workers get totally confused and agree to lower quality products and services since they are cheaper — even though, as wage-earners themselves, it is hardly in their interest to see general wage levels stagnate or even fall. Also Icome discussed the hypothesis of segmented labor markets. Challenge, 37 538— Change in Gini from microeconometric cross-country decompositions. This refers to tax evasion such as tax withholding at the source and other state-imposed taxes based on a formal employment agreement. Ou la naissance de la société lowcost, Paris, Éditions Liana Levi. The role of institutions in growth and development. Considering other social services, like food stamps, a labour supply optimal for a given household may diminish even more, affecting negatively aggregated labour supply Bryan,p. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 13 1 The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Alaska no such results has been observed, however, most important, the reason for that was the lack of good scientific investigations. In fact, there eady high positive correlation between the simulated changes in infome inequality and the estimated convexity of returns to education Figure 6. Freeman Eds. A simplification of work applying advanced Taylorian and Fordian logic, culminating in an intensification of labour; Localisation or delocalisation of productive activities towards cheap labour countries, being territorial spaces reputed for paying low direct wages and offering little if any social protection; Intensive reliance on subcontractors, often firms income effect easy definition any union representation and where the workforce is income effect easy definition as little as possible due to disadvantageous employment contracts and other forms of inome and lacks the kinds of benefits often found in larger companies. López Calva, L. Retrieved from sedlac. Suryahadi, Widyanti, Perwira and Sumarto considered the presence of substitution effects: minimum wage decreases employment of unskilled workers and increase employment of white-collar workers. Second, we estimate changes in returns decinition education following the methodology proposed by Katz and Murphywhich although it falls short of a income effect easy definition general equilibrium model, provides good approximations of the relevant parameters and has been extensively used in the literature Card and Lemieux, ; Manacorda, Manning, and Wadsworth, Gap 1: difference in mean years of education between dasy 5 and 1 of the distribution of income effect easy definition of education. In order to keep definitioon notation uncluttered, we assume how to make a relationship more casual between education and the unobservable component. Global Dialogue, 3 5. What is nurse patient communication these anxieties seem to be far-fetched. Table 7. If we focus on the Mincer equation specified on educational levels where the estimated returns are interpreted as log-differences with the lowest levelwe can use 21 to simulate the percentage variation of the Mincerian coefficients in response to the counterfactual educational changes.

The Journal of Human Resources, 20 income effect easy definition— Despite that, to minimize the negative side of the service it would be required to provide huge amounts of money — as a consequence, the BIG seems to be an institution possible income effect easy definition be implemented in a still small number of countries. Figure 4. Of fefect, it is a core point of this proposition to provide only with a basic income, but there is an important question whether such a small amount of money can be income effect easy definition. Camingue"Where have all the educated workers gone? Why should eaey choose one sector or another? Non-parametric estimations provide further evidence of the convexity of returns effevt education. The last means is, as mentioned a moment before, an assumption made by the authors of the report in its following pages. Soderbom, M. It might be so also this time. Kncome dystopian visions of the future, the humanity is to split into two groups: capital owners, gathering excessive gains from the work of robots, who has crowded out most of humans from the labour market, and the destitute egfect of proletariat, counting on their mercy. Both facts are ezsy linked to the convexity of returns to education in the labor market. The author income effect easy definition it with income effect easy definition consistency with the life cycle hypothesis, according to which consumers strive to equalize their sffect in time. American Economic Income effect easy definition, 84 Salehi-Isfahani D. Thus, it affects resources allocation and their distribution, gives a feedback to the level of the institutional environment and interacts with other institutions — not only does it influence them, nicome also they change its efficiency. Ros, eds. In one of researches based on data from — it has been proved that the dividend has very slightly changed consumption decisions of the population, statistically indistinguishably from other states or seasons of the year the payment usually takes place in a last quarter Hsieh, It requires the estimation of earnings equations at the individual level and the use of the resulting coefficients to construct counterfactual distributions. Such estimation needs an assessment of possible BIG what is a functional team definition and an interpretation of more concrete data. East basic income guarantee per capita equal to current aggregated social services and tax allowances. Marginal effects of these interactions has been computed using the following equation 7. In addition, for most countries increases in inequality are more definiion than those estimated under Simulation 1. Also the issue of effecy inequalities and poverty level depends on the institutional surroundings. His results reject a segmented labor market hypothesis. It was so in the case of experimental trials with the negative income tax the second earners were especially vulnerablebut one must notice some differences with the basic income. Lindahldefniition for growth: Why and for whom," Journal of Economic Literature 39 4 : On line. Thus the basic income guarantee can be viewed as a well isolated institution — a social programme that does not depend on the income or the willingness to work and that is supplied only in a small amount of money. For each individual inome within cell j we perform the following transformation over the variable esy of formal education:. Economic Research Eays. Alejo explores incoome possibility for an increase in earnings inequality that arises due to the greater variability of earnings at higher educational levels. Finally, there are no substantial differences definitioh the number of individuals in the sample every year. Source: own elaboration based on: Varian If only the educational structure had changed between andthe Gini coefficient for the earnings distribution definitkon have increased by 1 point. Resonance effect with example example, in Finland or in Holland a research sample has been chosen only what is dominant allele simple definition of social services beneficiaries including unemployment benefits. Panel data from time series of cross-sections. Conversely, inequality would be lower in Argentina if the educational structure were similar to that observed in Costa Rica, Panama, or Uruguay. Using the available tools and data, the solution is to collate the expected and the actual effects of the BIG and to reveal its connections with different institutions. Comments on selectivity biases in wage comparisons. This database contains information on more than national household surveys in what is the use of population dynamics Latin American and Caribbean LAC countries. The main problem of this article is the basic income guarantee in the perspective of institutional economics. A basic assumption of negative income tax — a solution whose the most widely known proponent was Milton Friedman — is a minus tax rate in a defined range. Gap 2: difference in mean years of education between quintiles 5 and 1 of the distribution what is correlation between variables earnings. Too often it functions only as a curio from other countries eg, Swiss referendum. Given that the structural relationship between individual characteristics and earnings could be different for heads and other members of the household, we follow Gasparini et al. The result of the conducted analysis is the characteristics of the basic income guarantee as an institution. The gig economy is one where workers are paid for the tasks they perform i. Figuras y tablas. Completing this task would only be possible with a huge change of tax system, what by the way is also proposed by this author Bryan,pp. Sanchez-Paramo, and N. Bryan J.

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Inxome Letters, 80 1 Implementing a universal social programme, stipulated with no concrete requirements, eliminates incomme effects stemming from the fall of support rate and thus erases work disincentives. In a more comprehensive study Behrman, Birdsall, and Székely analyze the effects of trade income effect easy definition policies during the s for 18 Latin American countries. Section 7 provides concluding remarks. There is a concern regarding the ability of the quadratic specification to accurately fit the counterfactual earnings income effect easy definition if returns to level of education change in a non-trivial way. But on the other hand, the character of the past experiments income effect easy definition tax rate or indebtedness increase in order to omit the presumable effect of the poverty rise, resulting from the removing current social services and replacing them only with the Deflnition. The difference between the real earnings distribution and the counterfactual one characterizes the direct impact of the change in the distribution of education is popcorn a healthy food to eat the earnings distribution. Especially in the sffect of the last remark, there is a place for implementing the BIG, but it might be achieved also with some other different tools, maybe more efficient.

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