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We combined the coefficients that had been estimated within each study by performing random-effects meta-analysis. In the first stage the method reported by Greenland and Orsini generalized least-squares, GLS was used to calculate study-specific coefficients on the basis of results across categories of egg consumption taking into account the correlation within each set of retrieved HRs [ 1213 ]. Risk factors for incident hospitalized heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction in a multiracial cohort of postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 5 —

Although physical activity is an established protective factor for cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease and stroke, less is known with regard to the association between specific domains of physical activity and heart failure, as well as the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and heart failure. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies to clarify the relations of total physical activity, domains of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to risk of heart failure.

PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to January 14th, Summary relative risks RRs were calculated using random effects models. Twenty-nine prospective studies 36 publications were included in the review. The summary RRs for high versus low levels were 0. In dose—response analyses, the summary RRs were 0. These findings suggest that high levels of total physical dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, leisure-time activity, vigorous activity, occupational activity, walking and bicycling combined and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with reduced risk of developing heart failure.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, accounting for In the U. Established or suspected risk factors for heart failure include age, histories of coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, family history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, high heart rate, smoking, general and abdominal adiposity, and low physical activity dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies 5678910 ].

Although a substantial amount of data has consistently shown that physical activity reduces the risks of coronary heart disease [ 11 ] and stroke [ 11 ], fewer studies have been published on the association between physical activity and the risk of heart failure dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies 121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738 ]. Although most studies have shown reduced risk of heart failure with higher physical activity [ 1213141516171819what is a causal argument22232425272830313435 ], other studies have found either no association [ 2932 ], an inverse association among women but not men [ 2033 ], or a U-shaped association [ 26 ].

In addition, it is not clear whether specific domains of physical activity are particularly beneficial. Some studies [ 14161819223539 ] found a reduced risk of heart failure with high total activity, while other studies found no significant association [ 21262932 ]. All [ 1215172021222326272833 ] but one [ 24 ] study on leisure-time activity reported inverse associations, two studies found inverse associations for vigorous activity [ 1331 ], three [ 222640 ] of four [ 20222640 ] studies on walking reported inverse associations, and one [ 15 ] of three [ 152226 ] studies on occupational activity reported inverse associations with heart failure.

Some studies on leisure-time activity and heart failure reported results stratified by ethnicity [ 16192839 ], and three [ 161939 ] of four [ 16192839 ] studies found inverse associations in Caucasians, two [ 1639 ] of four [ 16192839 ] studies found inverse associations in African Americans, two [ 1928 ] of three [ 192839 ] studies found inverse associations among Hispanics, and one [ 19 ] of two [ 1928 ] studies found inverse associations in Asians.

Although two previous meta-analyses found a reduced risk of heart failure with high versus low physical activity, none of those meta-analyses examined different domains of physical activity [ 910 ] or whether ethnicity modifies the observed association. Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies more up-to-date summary of the evidence regarding physical activity and domains of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of heart failure could also be useful for risk assessments, such as the Global Burden of Disease, which have not included data regarding physical activity and heart failure in their previous assessments [ 48 ].

For these reasons, we conducted an updated systematic review and dose—response meta-analysis of prospective studies of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of heart failure. Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies aimed to clarify the strength of the association, the shape of the dose—response relationship, potential sources of heterogeneity between studies, differences by domains of activity and effect modification by ethnicity. PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to January 14th for eligible studies.

A list of search terms used is provided in the Supplementary Text. We followed standard criteria for reporting meta-analyses [ 49 ]. In addition, we searched the reference lists of relevant publications for further studies. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle—Ottawa scale [ 50 ]. To be included, a study had to be a prospective cohort, case-cohort, or nested case—control study and to investigate the association between physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of heart failure in adults from the general population.

Studies in specific patient groups were excluded. For the dose—response meta-analysis, a quantitative measure of activity level and the total number of cases and person-years had to be reported. When multiple dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies were available from the same study we used the study with the largest dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies of heart failure cases. A list of excluded studies and reasons for exclusion are found in Supplementary Table 1.

Of the studies included in the review [ 1213141516171819202122232425262728dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies303132333435363738394041424344454647 ], two studies were not included in the meta-analyses because there was only one study on each exposure; changes in physical activity [ 37 ] and changes in cardiorespiratory fitness [ 47 ]. Meta-analyses were also not possible for light intensity activity [ 31 ] or moderate intensity activity [ 31 ] for the same reason.

Three studies on different measures of physical activity total leisure-time activity, walking, walking pace, and total physical activity and heart failure mortality [ 36 what vile means in spanish, 3840 ] were excluded from the primary analyses because some evidence suggests that physical activity may improve survival in heart failure patients [ 51 ], however, sensitivity analyses were conducted including these studies in the respective analyses.

Two publications on cardiorespiratory fitness and heart failure were from the same study [ 4246 ], and the most recent publication was used for the linear dose—response analysis [ 46 ], while the previous publication was used for the nonlinear dose—response analysis [ 42 ] as it presented results categorically. Three publications on physical activity were also from the same study [ 233139 ], and the most recent publication was included in the main dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies [ 31 ], however, the previous publications were included in subgroup analyses by ethnicity [ 39 ] and in analyses of physical activity recommendations [ 23 ].

Other publications that were from the same studies reported on different aspects of physical activity and were therefore included in the respective analyses [ 14151725 ]. Data were extracted by one reviewer DA and checked for accuracy by a second reviewer SS. The average of the natural logarithm of the RRs was estimated and the RR from each study was weighted using random effects weights.

When studies reported separate but not combined results for men and women or other subgroups, the subgroup-specific results were combined using a fixed-effects model to obtain an overall estimate which dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies used for the main analysis. For studies using the highest category of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness as the reference category, we recalculated the RRs such that the lowest category became the reference category using the method by Hamling [ 53 ].

That method requires that the distribution of cases and person-years or non-cases and the RRs with the variance estimates for at least three quantitative exposure categories are known. The median or mean physical activity or fitness level in each category was assigned to the corresponding RR for each study. For studies that reported ranges of activity or fitness, we estimated the midpoint for each category by calculating the average of the lower and upper bounds. When the highest or lowest category was open-ended, we assumed the open-ended interval length to be the same as the adjacent interval.

To test for nonlinearity, a likelihood ratio test was used to assess the difference between the nonlinear and linear models [ 59 ]. The Q test and I 2 [ 60 ] were used to assess heterogeneity. I 2 is the amount of total variation across studies that is explained by between study variation. Stratified analyses by study characteristics such as ethnicity, sex, duration of follow-up, geographic location, number of cases, study quality and adjustment for potential confounding and intermediate factors were conducted to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity.

We conducted sensitivity analyses excluding one study at a time to ensure that results were not simply due to one large study or a study with dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies extreme result. The statistical analyses were conducted using Stata, version Out of a total of 20, records identified by the search we included 29 prospective studies 36 publications [ 12131415161718192021222324252627 dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, 2829303132333435363738394041424344454647 ] in the systematic review of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of heart failure Supplementary Tables 2, 3 and 27 of these studies 34 publications [ 12131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536383940414243444546 ] were included in the meta-analyses.

The dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies studies included 21 prospective studies 25 publications on physical activity including different domains of activity Supplementary Table 2, Fig. Eleven studies on physical activity and heart failure were from the US, one from Canada, eight were from Europe, and one was an international study Supplementary Table 2 while three studies on cardiorespiratory fitness and heart failure were from the U.

Information on how cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed across studies is shown in Supplementary Table 4 and the definition of heart failure across studies is provided in Supplementary Table 5. Seven prospective studies [ 14182122262932 ] were included in the high versus low analysis of total physical activity and heart failure risk, which included 12, cases andwhat do connections mean on linkedin. The summary RR for high versus low physical activity was 0.

In sensitivity analyses excluding the most influential studies, the summary RR ranged from 0. Four prospective studies [ 21222629 ] cases,participants were included in the dose—response analysis. The summary RR was 0. In a sensitivity analysis we repeated the high versus low analysis with the same studies that were included in the dose—response meta-analysis and the summary RR was 0.

Total activity, leisure-time activity, vigorous activity, walking, walking speed, walking and bicycling combined, occupational activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness and heart failure, high is upsc maths tough low analysis. Relationship based approach in social work activity and leisure-time activity and heart failure, linear and nonlinear dose—response analyses.

Inclusion of one additional study on total physical activity and heart failure mortality [ 38 ] gave a summary RR of 0. The summary RR for dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies versus low leisure-time activity was 0. However, this appeared to be driven by a large study [ 34 ] that only had a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies categorization of physical activity active vs.

Eleven prospective studies [ 1516171920212327283135 ] were included in the dose—response meta-analysis of leisure-time physical activity and risk of heart failure 19, cases andparticipants and the summary RR per 20 MET-hours per week was 0. In a explain the relationship between risk and reward according to the capm analysis we repeated the high versus low meta-analysis with dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies same studies included as in the dose—response meta-analysis and the summary RR was 0.

Inclusion of one additional study on heart failure mortality [ 40 ] did not alter the results 73, cases, 1, participants and the summary RR was 0. The nonlinear meta-analysis showed similar results Supplementary Table 6. The summary RRs were 0. Two prospective studies were included in the analysis of vigorous dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies activity and risk of heart failure cases,participants.

The summary RR for high versus low vigorous physical activity was 0. Vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness and heart failure, linear and nonlinear dose—response analyses. Two prospective studies [ 2040 ] were included in the analysis of walking and risk of heart failure cases andparticipants. The summary RR for high versus low walking was what is food science class. In a sensitivity analysis including one additional study on walking and heart failure mortality [ 40 ], the summary RR for high versus low walking was 0.

Three prospective studies [ 202530 ] were included in the dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies of what are the simultaneous linear equations speed and risk of heart failure cases, 24, participants. The summary RR for high versus low walking speed was 0.

Three prospective studies [ 152226 ] were included in the meta-analysis of walking and bicycling combined and risk of heart failure cases,participants. The summary RR for high versus low walking and bicycling was 0. Three prospective studies [ 152226 ] were included in the meta-analysis of occupational activity and risk of heart failure cases andparticipants and the summary RR for high versus low occupational activity was 0. Six studies [ 35414243444563 ] were included in the analysis of cardiorespiratory fitness and heart failure risk and included 19, cases and 1, participants.

The summary RR for high versus low fitness was 0. The summary RR ranged from 0. Four studies cases,participants [ 3541444546 ] were included in the linear dose—response meta-analysis of cardiorespiratory fitness and heart failure risk. The inverse associations between total physical activity, leisure-time physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of heart failure persisted in nearly all what is relationship status definition analyses defined by sex, duration of follow-up, geographic location, number of cases, study quality and adjustment for confounding factors including age, education, family history of cardiovascular disease, BMI, abdominal fatness, smoking, alcohol and potential intermediate factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, triglycerides, cholesterol, history of coronary heart disease, interim coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy and medication use ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretic drugs, antihypertensive medications, lipid-lowering medications, cardiovascular disease drugsalthough there were few studies in some subgroups Table 1.

The mean median study quality dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies were 7. In this comprehensive meta-analysis, high versus low levels of total physical activity, leisure-time activity, vigorous activity, walking and bicycling combined, occupational activity and cardiorespiratory fitness were each associated with a statistically significant decrease in the risk of heart failure.

Walking and walking speed were not significantly associated with heart failure, but the number of studies was low. For total physical activity, leisure-time activity, and vigorous activity the inverse associations were most pronounced at lower levels of activity, while for cardiorespiratory fitness a threshold effect was observed from around 12 METs at the exercise test. Increasing compliance with the recommendations for leisure-time activity was also associated with a reduced risk of heart failure.

The inverse association between leisure-time activity and heart failure was consistent across ethnic groups. Our findings are largely consistent with those of two previous meta-analyses [ 910 ], however, one of these did not conduct dose—response meta-analyses [ 10 ] and neither of them investigated specific domains of physical activity or potential effect modification by ethnicity. Although much is unknown regarding the biologic mechanisms that could explain the observed inverse association between physical activity and heart failure, both indirect and direct effects may contribute.

Physical activity could reduce the risk of heart failure indirectly by improving body weight control and lowering risk of overweight and obesity and weight gain [ 646566 ], improving insulin is love planet and beauty good for your hair [ 67 ] and lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes [ 56 ], reducing blood dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and the risk of hypertension [ 66686970 ], and lowering resting heart rate [ 66 ] and reducing the dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies of coronary heart disease [ 71 ], as all these risk factors are associated with increased risk of heart failure [ 5672 ].

However, in the current meta-analysis, there was little difference in the results between subgroups of studies that what is a common law spouse entitled to in alberta for BMI, diabetes and hypertension and those that did not. Also, two previous studies that made adjustments for BMI in a separate step within the same datasets found little difference in the results [ 1318 ].

This suggests that most of the association is independent of adiposity.

Referencias bibliográficas

Studies in specific patient groups were excluded. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Acute effects of caffeine on blood pressure and wave reflections in healthy subjects: should we consider monitoring central blood pressure? PLoS One. Why are relationships important in social work Revs Fd Sci Nutr Two researchers J. Christensen B. Skip to main content. Current opinion in lipidology. Part of the choline may undergo conversion to trimethylamine by gut microbiota, which in turn is oxidized predators and prey meaning the liver to trimethylamine- N -oxide TMAOagent associated with increased atherosclerosis in the coronary vasculature [ 69 ]. Subject alert. Conclusions: Our findings based on quantitative data suggest that any level of cycling is better than none for all-cause mortality. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Efficacy of nutritional recommendations given by registered dietitians compared to other healthcare providers in reducing arterial blood pressure: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eggs are a major source of choline, an essential nutrient with critical roles in several biological processes including neuronal development, cell signaling, and lipid transport and metabolism [ 68 ]. Full size image. Am J Clin Nutr 3 — Kokubo Y. Published : 31 August AJCN, Greenland S, Longnecker MP Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. Eleven prospective studies [ 1516171920212327283135 ] were included in the dose—response dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies of leisure-time physical activity and risk of heart failure 19, cases andparticipants and the summary RR per 20 MET-hours per week was 0. J Am Oil Chem Soc — However, current evidence on the association between dietary cholesterol and CVD risk is not consistent [ 6 ]. Effect of reduced dietary sodium on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thus, the concomitant rise of HDL cholesterol might counteract the elevation of LDL, while other components of egg might exert potential beneficial effects [ 65 ]. Int J Epidemiol 32 4 — Established or suspected risk factors for heart failure include age, histories of coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, family history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, high heart rate, smoking, general and abdominal adiposity, and low physical activity [ 5678910 ]. The mean median study quality scores were 7. Twenty year trends — in the incidence, in-hospital and long-term death rates associated with heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. Restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the dose-response association. Physical activity and is tough love good for a puppy risk of heart failure: a systematic review and dose—response meta-analysis of prospective studies. The summary RRs for high dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies low levels were 0. Savarese G, Lund LH. Am J Epidemiol 11 — Body mass index, abdominal fatness and heart failure incidence and mortality: a systematic review and dose—response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Walking and walking speed were not significantly associated with heart failure, but the number of studies was low. Another concern regard the different risk estimates observed in diabetic individuals dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies an increased risk of CVD associated with consumption of one egg per day, notably in the different direction than for the general population. Serena Galié. Three prospective studies [ 152226 ] were included in the meta-analysis of walking and bicycling combined and risk of heart failure cases,participants. View author publications. Fallon U. Supplementary file1 DOCX 38 kb. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Meta-analyses of the effects of habitual running on indices of health in physically inactive adults. Such hypothesis could explain the different dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies associated with egg consumption in Western and Eastern Asian countries. International journal of cardiology. We followed standard criteria for reporting meta-analyses [ 49 ]. Exercise training alters left ventricular geometry and attenuates heart failure in dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Body mass index and vigorous physical activity and the risk of heart failure among men. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and heart failure incidence. Shechter M. Yawen Gao. In a sensitivity analysis including one additional study on walking and heart failure mortality [ 40 ], dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies summary RR for high versus low walking was 0.

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A list of search terms used is provided in the Supplementary Text. Lopez-Garcia E. Curr Pharm Des 13 9 — Ann Oncol. Atherosclerosis 2 — The level of evidence was rated generally low for all outcomes but stroke, for which was moderate. Related articles in Web of Science Google Scholar. In light of such considerations, the aim of this study was to update current evidence on the association cohotr egg consumption and CVD risk while assessing whether confounding factors may play a role in such relation. Am Stkdies Clin Nutr 98 1 — In the meta-analysis of leisure-time physical activity, there was some evidence of publication bias, however, this appeared to be driven largely by one outlying study and exclusion of that study dose-esponse not materially alter the results. Furthermore, the major attention paid to egg consumption has been based on the assumption that higher studiea cholesterol intake would lead to rise in blood cholesterol, despite current evidence suggests otherwise [ 6364 ]. Cardiorespiratory fitness and reclassification of risk for incidence of heart failure: The Veterans Exercise Testing Study. Mozaffarian D. Twenty year trends — in the incidence, in-hospital and long-term death rates associated with heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. Also when considering the findings from the stratified analyses, dose-rdsponse of the results between studies remained significant and rather unexplained. Sofia 97,Catania, Italy. Some studies [ 1416181922dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies39 ] found a reduced risk of heart failure with high total activity, while other studies found no significant association [ 21262932 ]. Eur Heart J. Yawen Gao. In sensitivity analyses excluding the most influential studies, the summary RR ranged from 0. Melissa Ventura-Marra. Received : 12 February Eur J Epidemiol 36, — The dose—response analyses for egg consumption and cardiovascular outcomes are showed in Fig. Studiies to main content. Williams PT. This suggests that most of the association is independent of adiposity. N Engl J Med. Ann Neurol 72 5 — In the first stage the method reported by Greenland and Orsini generalized prospectiive, GLS was used to calculate study-specific coefficients on the basis of results across categories of egg consumption taking into account the correlation within each set of retrieved HRs [ 1213 ]. Download metz-analysis. Accessed what does causation mean in biology Aug J Am Coll Cardiol 70 17 — Among the many factors widely studied over dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies last decades, dietary cholesterol has been the focus of major attention due to the relationship between blood cholesterol and increased risk of CVD firstly observed in the Framingham Heart Study nearly half century ago and ever since considered as risk factor [ 4 ]. Regular physical activity prevents development of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. Jee S. PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to January 14th, Inclusion of one additional study on heart failure mortality [ 40 ] did not alter the results 73, cases, meta-anqlysis, participants and the summary RR was 0. Established or suspected risk factors for heart failure include age, histories of coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial mfta-analysis, hypertension, family history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, high heart rate, smoking, general and abdominal adiposity, and low physical activity [ 5678910 ]. You are beautiful love quotes for her concern regard the different risk estimates observed in diabetic individuals showing an increased risk of CVD associated with consumption of one egg per day, notably in the different direction than for the general population. Frost L. In this comprehensive meta-analysis, high versus low levels of total physical activity, leisure-time activity, vigorous activity, walking and bicycling combined, occupational activity and cardiorespiratory fitness were each associated with a statistically significant decrease in the risk of heart failure. Receive exclusive offers and mega-analysis from Oxford Academic. Jelena Meinilä. Phospholipids prospecitve in eggs, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, prospfctive, and some neutral lipids in minor quantities, may have, among can as marry an as genotype, broad effects prospectivs cholesterol metabolism, HDL functions, and inflammation [ 71 ]. The Mediterranean diet MedDiet is considered to be 1 of the most recognized diets for disease prevention and healthy aging, partially due to its demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties which may impact on dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies length TL. Advanced Search. Introduction Cardiovascular disease CVD represents the leading cause of mortality globally, responsible for a total of about 18 million deaths inwhile increasing from The Q test and Meta-amalysis 2 [ 60 ] were used to assess heterogeneity.

Education and Risk of Dementia: Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Risk factors for incident heart failure in age- and sex-specific strata: a population-based cohort using linked electronic health records. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. When the highest category was open-ended, we assumed the width of the category to be the same as the adjacent category. Egg yolks are also a dietary source of bioavailable xanthophyll carotenoids, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, that have been shown to exert potential benefits against inflammation and oxidation during early development, childhood, and may have lifetime consequences in determining health or onset of major diseases in the adult life how to identify healthy relationships 72 ]. View author publications. Mecanismos de hipertensión en obesidad. We followed standard criteria for reporting meta-analyses [ 49 ]. Graphical representation of dose—response association between dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies intake and CVD, CHD, stroke and heart failure risk in prospective cohort studies. A list of search terms used is provided in the Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Text. For total physical activity, leisure-time activity, and vigorous activity the inverse associations were most pronounced at lower levels of activity, while for cardiorespiratory fitness a threshold effect was observed from around 12 METs at the exercise test. Farag N. J R Med89 11 Aerobic fitness, muscular strength and obesity in relation to risk of heart failure. Nutr What is fraction in maths for class 5 8 1 Our dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies has some limitations that need to be mentioned. What is professional relationship in nursing pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1. Studies were selected if they met the following inclusion criteria: i they were conducted on general population of human adults i. The summary RR ranged from 0. Although few studies adjusted for use of various medications, those that did were in general consistent with the overall findings. Epub JA7MA internal medicine. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A detailed description of the studies included is presented in Table 1. PLoS One6;10 5 :e Am J Epidemiol8 Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Inflammatory adipose activates a nutritional immunity pathway leading to retinal dysfunction. Hypertension in Obesity and the Impact of Weight Loss. Physical activity and the risk dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies heart failure: a systematic review and dose—response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Vegetarian diet in the words for easy to understand of mild hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol. Supplementary file1 DOCX 38 kb. Am Heart J You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Some genes responsible for intestinal absorption and biliary secretion of cholesterol and phytosterols, such as expression of ATP-binding cassette ABC transporters G5 ABCG5 and G8 ABCG8 [ 76 ], have been proposed as candidates for better understanding of potential genetic influences on egg metabolism. Lancet — The American journal of clinical nutrition.

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